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d cabbage
Red cabbage plants
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order , foil container .
Brassicale , lpg tanks .
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Brassicacea , wholesale glass jars .
Genus:
Brassica
Species:
B. oleracea
Cultivar Group
Brassica oleracea Capitata Group
The red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra) is a sort of cabbage, also known as Red Kraut or Blue Kraut after preparation. Its leaves are coloured dark red/purple. However, the plant changes its colour according to the pH value of the soil, due to a pigment called anthocyanin. On acidic soils, the leaves grow more reddish while an alkaline soil will produce rather greenish-yellow coloured cabbages. This explains the fact that the very same plant is known by different colours in various regions. Furthermore, the juice of red cabbage can be used as a home-made pH indicator, turning red in acid and blue in basic solutions. It can be found in Northern Europe, throughout the Americas, and in China.
On cooking, red cabbage will normally turn blue. To retain the red colour it is necessary to add vinegar or acidic fruit to the pot.
Red cabbage needs well fertilized soil and sufficient humidity to grow. It is a seasonal plant which is seeded in spring and harvested in late fall. Red cabbage is a better keeper than its "white" relatives and does not need to be converted to sauerkraut to last the winter.
Uses
Red cabbage is often used for salads and coleslaw. This vegetable can be eaten raw or cooked. It is also used to determine if a substance is an acid or a base by boiling it in water and using the water as a pH indicator.
Cultivation
It is recommended to start red cabbage seeds indoors 4 weeks before the last frost. Sow in containers that allow for movement of water through the bottom of a cell. Popular seedling starting containers are peat pots, egg cartons, plug trays or milk cartons. Once the seedlings grow to about 2 inches tall, and have developed their first leaves, they can be hardened off and moved outside for transplanting. Red cabbage prefers climates that remain moist and cool for most of its vegetative growth stage, so they can be placed in the ground shortly after the last frost, while the spring is still cool. The cabbage plants can be spaced about 12-26 inches from one another. They will need watering often but are otherwise low maintenance plants.
External links
Cultural information on cabbage (capitata group)
How to Make Red Cabbage pH Indicator
Categories: Brassica oleracaHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from August 2008 | All articles lacking sources
Content
Red Cabbage
High speed steel
Swiss Vallorbe Needle Files ,
Applications
The main use of high speed steels continues to be in the manufacture of various cutting tools: drills, taps, milling cutters, tool bits, gear cutters, saw blades, etc., although usage for punches and dies is increasing.
High speed steels also found a market in fine hand tools where their relatively good toughness at high hardness, coupled with high abrasion resistance and fine, made them suitable for low speed applications requiring a durable keen (sharp) edge, such as files, chisels, hand plane blades, and high quality kitchen and pocket knives.
Types
High speed steels belong to the Fe-C-X multi-component alloy system where X represents chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, or cobalt. Generally, the X component is present in excess of 7%, along with more than 0.60% carbon. (However, their alloying element percentages do not alone bestow the hardness-retaining properties; they also require appropriate high-temperature heat treatment in order to become true HSS; see History below. , 6 ruler .
The grade type T-1 with 18% tungsten has not changed its composition since 1910 and was the main type used up to 1940, when substitution by molybdenum took place. Nowadays, only 5-10% of the HSS in Europe and only 2% in the United States is of this type.[citation needed , candle gift sets .
The addition of about 10% of tungsten and molybdenum in total maximises efficiently the hardness and toughness of high speed steels and maintains these properties at the high temperatures generated when cutting metals , steel band saw .
Alloying compositions of common high speed steel grades (by %wt , cutter blade .
Grade
C
Cr
Mo
W
V
Co
Mn
Si
T1
0.650.80
3.754.00
-
17.2518.75
0.91.3
-
0.10.4
0.20.4
M2
0.95
4.2
5.0
6.0
2.0
-
-
-
M7
1.00
3.8
8.7
1.6
2.0
-
-
-
M35
0.94
4.1
5.0
6.0
2.0
5.0
-
-
M42
1.10
3.8
9.5
1.5
1.2
8.0
-
-
Note that impurity limits are not included
M35
M35 is similar to M2, but with 5% cobalt added. The addition of cobalt increases heat resistance.
M42
M42 is a high speed steel alloy made up of roughly 8% cobalt. It is widely used in metal manufacturing because of its ability to resist wear over conventional high speed steels, allowing for shorter cycle times in production environments due to higher cutting speeds or from the increase in time between tool changes. M42 is also less prone to chipping when used for interrupted cuts and cost less when compared to the same tool made of carbide. Tools made from high speed steel and cobalt can often be identified by the letters HSS-Co.
Coatings
To increase the life of high speed steel, tools are sometimes coated. One such coating is TiN (titanium nitride). Most coatings generally increase a tool's hardness and/or lubricity. A coating allows the cutting edge of a tool to cleanly pass through the material without having the material gall (stick) to it. The coating also helps to decrease the temperature associated with the cutting process and increase the life of the tool.
Surface modification
Lasers and electron beams can be used as sources of intense heat at the surface for heat treatment, remelting (glazing), and compositional modification. It is possible to achieve different molten pool shapes and temperatures. Cooling rates range from 103 106 K s-1. Beneficially, there is little or no cracking or porosity formation.
While the possibilities of heat treating at the surface should be readily apparent, the other applications beg some explanation. At cooling rates in excess of 106 K s-1 eutectic microconstituents disappear and there is extreme segregation of substitutional alloying elements. This has the effect of providing the benefits of a glazed part without the associated run in wear damage.
The alloy composition of a part or tool can also be changed to form a high speed steel on the surface of a lean alloy or to form an alloy or carbide enriched layer on the surface of a high speed steel part. Several methods can be used such as foils, pack boronising, plasma spray powders, powder cored strips, inert gas blow feeders, etc. Although this method has been reported to be both beneficial and stable, it has yet to see widespread commercial use.
History
Although development of modern high speed steel began in the second half of the 19th century, there is documented evidence of similar grades of steel produced earlier. These include hardened steels in China in 1200s BC, wootz steel manufactured in India around 350 BC and production of Damascus and Japanese layered steel blades in years 540 AD and 900 AD.
Following the discovery of crucible steel in 1740, in 1868 Robert Forester Mushet in England developed a steel that is considered the forerunner of modern high speed steels. It consisted of 2% C, 2.5% Mn, and 7% W. The major advantage of this steel was that it hardened when air cooled from a temperature from which most steels had to be quenched for hardening. Over the next 30 years the most important change was the substitution of chromium for manganese.
In 1899 and 1900, Frederick Winslow Taylor and Maunsel White, working with a team of assistants at the Bethlehem Steel Company at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA, performed a series of experiments with the heat treating of existing high-quality tool steels, such as Mushet steel, heating them to much higher temperatures than were typically considered desirable in the industry. Their experiments were characterized by a scientific empiricism in that many different combinations were made and tested, with no regard for conventional wisdom or alchemic recipes, and with detailed records kept of each batch. The end result was a heat treatment process that transformed existing alloys into a new kind of steel that could retain its hardness at higher temperatures, allowing much higher speeds, feeds, and depths of cut when machining.
The Taylor-White process was patented and created a revolution in the machining industries, in fact necessitating whole new, heavier machine tool designs so the new steel could be used to its full advantage. The patent was hotly contested and eventually nullified, but the vigor of the litigation seems to have been propelled less by the merits of the case and more by the fact that many firms faced commercial extinction if they could not find a way to circumvent the patent.
The first alloy that was formally classified as high speed steel is known by the AISI designation T1, which was introduced in 1910. It was patented by Crucible Steel Co. at the beginning of the 20th century.
Although molybdenum rich high speed steels such as AISI M1 have been used since the 1930s, shortages and hence high costs of raw materials during World War II spurred the development of alloy designs with molybdenum being substituted for tungsten to produce cheaper steel. The developments in molybdenum-based high speed steel during this period made them on par with and in certain cases better than tungsten-based high speed steels. This started with the use of M2 steel (sulfurized version of M1) instead of T1 steel.
Copyediting conventions
Most copyeditors (subeditors) today would tend to choose to style the unit adjective high-speed with a hyphen, rendering the full term as high-speed steel, and this styling is not uncommon (Kanigel 1997 is an example of a work edited thus). However, it is true that in the metalworking industries the styling high speed steel is long-established and is more commonly seen. Therefore, both can be considered acceptable variants.
See also
High speed drilling
Metalwork cutting tool
Tool steel
References
^ Properties of Tool Steel AISI T1, http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/tool_steels/show_tool.cfm?ID=AISI_T1&prop=all&Page_Title=AISI%20T1, retrieved on 2008-03-17 .
^ a b c d e f Boccalini and Goldenstein 2001
^ a b Roberts, George, et al., "Tool Steels", 5th edition, ASM International, 1998
^ Kanigel 1997.
^ The Metals Society, London, "Tools and dies for industry", 1977
Bibliography
Kanigel, Robert (1997). The One Best Way: Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency. Viking Penguin. ISBN 0-670-86402-1.
Boccalini, M.; H. Goldenstein (February 2001). "Solidification of high speed steels". International Materials Reviews 46 (2): 92115 (24). doi:10.1179/095066001101528411. ISSN 0950-6608. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/imr/2001/00000046/00000002/art00002.
External links
Effects of Elements on Steel
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Metalworking
Tools
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Water jet cutter Band saw Cold saw Laser Miter saw Plasma
Cutting tools
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Hand tools
Clamp Combination square Drift pin File card Hacksaw Hammer Hand scraper Machinist...
Reginald Sturgess
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Reginald Ward Sturgess (18 June 1892 2 July 1932) was an Australian artist.
Sturgess was born in 1892 in the Melbourne suburb of Newport, Victoria, the son of cabinet maker Edward Sturgess and his wife Emma (n Ward), migrants from Bath, England. Sturgess had three brothers and a sister, but one brother died in England before the family migrated, and the other brother died soon after the family's arrival in Australia. Sturgess was the youngest child, and the only one born in Australia. The family was interested in the arts, particularly Sturgess' father, but also his elder sister Florence, who went on to become a successful pianist. Edward Sturgess was a good craftsman, having on one occasion decorated a carriage for Queen Victoria, but the economic slump of the 1890s following the land boom in Victoria led to a lack of business, and he abandoned cabinet making for a seed business in 1893.
Sturgess was educated at the Williamstown South State School, in the adjacent suburb of Williamstown, before leaving school at the age of twelve. In 1905, Sturgess enrolled in the art schools at the National Gallery of Victoria, with the help of novelist and Williamstown local Ada Cambridge, who had noticed his artistic talents. There, Sturgess studied drawing under Frederick McCubbin in the School of Design, and from 1909, painting under Lindsay Hall. Sturgess won several prizes while at the Gallery, including first prize for a drawing of a head from life in 1909, second prize for a painting of still life in 1910, and first prize for landscape painting in 1911.
Sturgess spent much time while at school sketching with his friend, noted portraitist Percy Leason. He also attended students' camps at Mount Macedon and Malmsbury, an area he would later visit frequently to paint. The female students at the camp would usually stay with the family of Meta Townsend, a Malmsbury local who was also a student at the Gallery from 1909 to 1914, while the male students would camp at the disused Coliban Flour Mill, the oldest mill in the district, a stone building with a waterwheel, set in farmland with many old farm buildings around which would become regular subject matter for the young artists.
Sturgess left the schools at the gallery in 1912, and began painting on his own, supporting his art by selling painted decorative lampshades, and by working in his father's seed business in Williamstown. He was also briefly a teacher at Williamstown Grammar School. Sturgess managed the seed business on his own following his father's death in 1916. On 30 July 1917, Sturgess married Meta Townsend at the Anglican church in Malmsbury. The couple would later have one daughter together, Elizabeth, born in 1919.
Sturgess joined the Victorian Artists' Society in 1921. Nine of his paintings were included in the Society's May exhibition, and another six in the September exhibition, but there was little early interest in his work from buyers, despite relatively low prices. However, he had more success from a joint exhibition with Granville Dunstan at the Athenaeum, also in September 1921, and in July 1922 he held his first solo exhibition, at the Athenaeum. It was successful, pleasing collectors and critics, who were impressed with his poetic (as opposed to realistic) approach, and his his convincing depiction of atmospheric effects.
Sturgess exhibited regularly in Melbourne, at the Athenaeum in 1923 and 1924, and following that at the gallery of the Victorian Fine Art Society. He also showed in Adelaide, South Australia in 1926-1927 and in Sydney, New South Wales in 1928-1929. These exhibitions were also successful,
Sturgess was injured in a car accident in 1926, breaking his jaw, and although he recovered his health was affected. Sturgess closed the seed business in 1926 to concentrate entirely on his painting, but by 1930 his fading eyesight forced him to give it up. Sturgess eventually became ill, and died in 1932 at his Williamstown home. According to some accounts the cause of death was a cerebral tumour, probably brought on by the motorcycle accident, although no autopsy was performed, and Sturgess' doctors were never able to completely explain his ill-health in the years preceding his death. Sturgess was buried in the Williamstown cemetery, and was survived by Meta and Elizabeth.
References
^ a b c d e f g h Perry, Peter & Sinclair, Beth (1986). R. W. Sturgess Water-colourist 1892-1932. Castlemaine: Castlemaine Art Gallery and Historical Museum. pp.95. ISBN 0-959-8066-3-6.
^ Serle, Percival (1949). "Sturgess, Reginald Ward". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Angus & Robertson. http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/0-dict-biogSt-Sy.html#sturgess1. Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
^ Perry, Peter (1990). "Sturgess, Reginald Ward". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A120149b.htm. Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
Categories: 1892 births | 1932 deaths | Australian painters
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You're My Best Friend
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ou're My Best Friend
Single by Queenfrom the album A Night at the Opera
B-side
'39
Released
May 18, 1976
Format
7"
Recorded
1975
Genre
Pop rock
Length
2:52
Label
EMI (UK), Elektra (US)
Writer(s)
John Deacon
Producer
Roy Thomas Baker and Queen
Queen singles chronology
"Bohemian Rhapsody"(1975)
"You're My Best Friend"(1976)
"Somebody to Love"(1976)
"You're My Best Friend" is a song penned by John Deacon and performed by British rock band Queen. It was originally included on the A Night at the Opera album in 1975, and later released as a single. This song also appeared on the Greatest Hits (1981) album.
Deacon wrote the song for his wife, Veronica, to whom he remains married to this day. In this song, he plays a Wurlitzer electric piano in addition to bass guitar. The characteristic 'bark' of the Wurlitzer's bass notes plays a prominent role in the song. During live performances, the band used a grand piano rather than an electric, and it would be played by Freddie Mercury, while Deacon played the bass guitar.
For the music video, it shows Queen in a huge ballroom surrounded by over one thousand candles. The video was filmed in the summer of 1976. (May later mentioned that the video was shot in the middle of a very unpleasant heatwave and the ballroom in which they were filming did not have air conditioning.) Also, Deacon is seen playing a grand piano, even though he plays a regular electric on the recording.
Queen on the song
The band answered Tom Browne on 24 December 1977 in a live BBC Radio One interview, regarding Deacon's control of the piano for the recording:
Well, Freddie didn like the electric piano, so I took it home and I started to learn on the electric piano and basically that the song that came out you know when I was learning to play piano. It was written on that instrument and it sounds best on that. You know, often on the instrument that you wrote the song on.
ohn Deacon
I refused to play the damn thing (the Wurlitzer). It tiny and horrible and I don like them. Why play those things when youe got a lovely superb grand piano? No, I think, basically what he [John] is trying to say is it was the desired effect.
reddie Mercury
Personnel
John Deacon - Wurlitzer electric piano, bass guitar.
Brian May - Guitar, backing vocals.
Freddie Mercury - Lead and backing vocals.
Roger Taylor - Drums, Backing vocals.
In popular culture
The song can be heard in Kenneth Brannagh's 1992 film Peter's Friends.
The song was featured in a 2000 episode of That '70s Show entitled "Hyde's Father."
The song was featured at the end of the Simpsons episode "Moe Baby Blues" in 2003.
The song was featured in the ending credits of the 2004 film Shaun of the Dead.
The song was also featured in the 2005 Nintendo Gamecube game Karaoke Revolution Party.
The song was played during the final moments of the Will & Grace finale in May 2006.
The song was played during the opening credits in the 2006 film The Break-Up.
The song was featured in a My Name Is Earl episode "Something to Live For" in 2006.
The song was featured at the end of the 2007 movie I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry.
The song was featured in a 2007 "AT&T" commercial.
Cheese (voiced by Candi Milo) sang this song in the 2007 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade along with other characters from Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends.
The song is currently featured for "Carnival Cruise Lines" new brand campaign, "Let the Fun Begin".
The song is currently featured in a television trailer for the 2008 film, Pineapple Express.
v?d?eQueen singles discography
1970s
1973: "Keep Yourself Alive"? 1974: "Liar"? "Seven Seas of Rhye"? "Killer Queen"? 1975: "Now I'm Here"? "Bohemian Rhapsody"? 1976: "You're My Best Friend"? "Somebody to Love"? 1977: "Tie Your Mother Down"? "Teo Torriatte (Let Us Cling Together)"? "Long Away"? "Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy"? "We Are the Champions"/"We Will Rock You"? 1978: "Spread Your Wings"? "It's Late"? "Bicycle Race"/"Fat Bottomed Girls"? 1979: "Don't Stop Me Now"? "Jealousy"? "Mustapha"? "Love of My Life"? "Crazy Little Thing Called Love"
1980s
1980: "Save Me"? "Play the Game"? "Another One Bites the Dust"? "Need Your Loving Tonight"? "Flash"? 1981: "Under Pressure" (w/ David Bowie)? 1982: "Body Language"? "Las Palabras de Amor"? "Calling All Girls"? "Staying Power"? "Back Chat"? 1984: "Radio Ga Ga"? "I Want to Break Free"? "It's a Hard Life"? "Hammer to Fall"? "Thank God It's Christmas"? 1985: "One Vision"? 1986: "A Kind of Magic"? "Princes of the Universe"? "Friends Will Be Friends"? "Who Wants to Live Forever"? "Pain Is So Close to Pleasure"? "One Year of Love"? 1989: "I Want It All"? "Breakthru"? "The Invisible Man"? "Scandal"? "The Miracle"
1990s
1991: "Innuendo"? "I'm Going Slightly Mad"? "Headlong"? "The Show Must Go On"? "These Are the Days of Our Lives"? 1995: "Heaven for Everyone"? "A Winter's Tale"? "Too Much Love Will Kill You"? 1996: "You Don't Fool Me"? "I Was Born to Love You"? "Let Me Live" ? 1997: "No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)" ? 1999: "Under Pressure (Rah Mix)" (w/David Bowie)
2000s
2007: "Say It's Not True" (w/ Paul Rodgers)? 2008: "C-lebrity" (w/ Paul Rodgers)
This 1970s single-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: Queen (band) songs | 1976 singles | 1970s pop songs | 1970s single stubs
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Decoupage
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Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (January 2007)
For the aleatory literary technique, see cut-up technique.
Juan Gris, The Sunblind, 1914, Tate Gallery, Decoupage technique incorporates newsprint into this cubist painting.
Decoupage (or doupage) is the art of decorating an object by gluing colored paper cutouts onto it in combination with special paint effects, gold leaf, etc. Commonly an object like a small box or an item of furniture is covered by cutouts from magazines or from purpose-manufactured papers. Each layer is sealed with varnishes (often multiple coats) until the "stuck on" appearance disappears and the result looks like painting or inlay work. The traditional technique used 30-40 layers of varnish which were then sanded to a polished finish. This was known in 18th century England as The Art of Japanning after its presumed origins.
Varieties
Henri Matisse, Black Leaf on Green Background, 1952, gouache decoupage, The Menil Collection, Houston, Texas
There are many varieties on the traditional technique involving purpose made 'glue' requiring fewer layers (often 5 or 20, depending on the amount of paper involved). Cutouts are also applied under glass or raised to give a three dimensional appearance according to the desire of the decouper. Currently decoupage is a popular handicraft.
The craft became known as doupage in France (from the verb douper, 'to cut out') as it attained great popularity during the 17th and 18th centuries. Many advanced techniques were developed during this time, and items could take up to a year to complete due to the many coats and sandings applied. Some famous or aristocratic practitioners included Marie Antoinette, Madame de Pompadour, and Beau Brummell. In fact the majority of decoupage enthusiasts attribute the beginning of decoupage to 17th century Venice. However it was known before this time in Asia.
The most likely origin of decoupage is thought to be East Siberian tomb art. Nomadic tribes would use cut out felts to decorate the tombs of their deceased. From Siberia, the practice came to China, and by the 12th century, cut out paper was being used to decorate lanterns, windows, boxes and other objects. In the 17th century, Italy, especially in Venice, was at the forefront of trade with the Far East and it is generally thought that it is through these trade links that the cut out paper decorations made their way into Europe.
There have been forms of paper art in Europe for centuries and an argument can be made for Poland and Germany, with their native folded paper artworks, having been the predecessors of modern-day decoupage. However, today's decoupage bears more resemblance to Chinese lacquered objects than the Polish folded paper artworks. Some people use simple wallpaper, 'stick on' borders or decorative wall motifs and apply them to shop bought items such as clocks. The auction website eBay has many examples of so called doupage.
Originally Venetian cabinet-makers and lacquerers used a form of decoupage to create 'fake lacquerwork' to provide cheaper alternatives to the 17th century fashion for Chinese lacquered furniture. This was known as lacca contrafatta, 'counterfeit lacquer'. Soon they began to use cut-out copies of fashionable and popular artworks to decorate the furniture and objets d'art they created, and no longer copied the designs of the Far East. This became known as 'poor man's art'.
By the 18th century these creations were not confined to Italy but had spread throughout Europe and were no longer only the occupation of artisans but had also taken on the role of a lady's hobby, notably in the court of King Louis XV. Instead of glueing paper onto furniture, it was used to decorate smaller objects such as hat boxes and toiletries. Tragically, in the courts of kings it was not only copies of artwork that were cut up and used in this way but also actual artworks. Notably works by Boucher, Fragonard, Redoute, Pillement, Watteau amongst numerous others were lost this way.
Certain decoupage creators also began to be recognised as artists in their own right in the 18th century. Most remarkable was the English Mrs Mary Delaney, who became a court favourite of Queen Charlotte at the age of 71 for her production of highly detailed, hand coloured botanically based decoupage.
By the 18th century in England decoupage was popular with the upper and burgeoning middle classes. This century provides the most commonly known examples of historical decoupage, the sentimental paper additions to hatboxes, gift boxes and girl's personal items of all kinds. Decoupage was also popularly used at this time to create personalised Valentine's Cards.
In the early part of the 20th century, decoupage, like many other art methods, began experimenting with a less realistic and more abstract style. 20th century artists who produced decoupage works include Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Most famous are Matisse's Blue Nude II.
Materials
Pressed flower decoupage on a set of coasters.
Since decoupage was considered to be a "poor man's art," it isn't surprising that common household materials can be used to create exquisite effects. The list of supplies is short:
Something to decoupage onto. Examples include: furniture, photograph albums, plates, ceramics, shelving, frames, mirrors.
Pictures to decoupage with. These can come from myriad sources: newspapers, magazines, catalogs, books, printed clip art, wrapping paper, greeting cards, fabric, tissue paper, lace.
Cutting utensil. Scissors, craft knife (X-Acto) or razor blades can be used.
Glue. Standard white glue works best if it is diluted with a little water. Specialty glues can be found in most crafting stores.
Smoother. Popsicle sticks work well. A brayer is a specialized tool like a miniature rolling pin designed to help remove wrinkles, remove excess glue and smooth pictures.
Glue Spreader. Many things around the house can be use for this: cotton swabs, paint brushes, sponges.
Rags, sponges, tissue paper to help wipe up glue and other clean up.
Sealer. Glue or other decoupage medium can be used as a sealer. Alternatively, polyurethane, spray acrylic or other lacquers are usually used.
References in Popular Culture
Deputy Trudy Wiegel of TV's "Reno 911" is known for her interest in decoupage.
CIA Agent Stan Smith of TV's "American Dad" is known for his interest in decoupage, a specific piece of decoupage furniture (a dresser in the basement) can be seen in multiple episodes.
In Strong Bad Email 141 from Homestar Runner, the band Taranchula's music video is entitled 'The Decoupage'.
The name of a 2001 CD release, "Decoupage", by the band HipBone [HipWorks Productions: reissued 2009 on lulu]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Decoupage
Categories: Decorative arts | Paper art
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Category talk:Fiber optics for fiber optics components
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Fiber optics is divided, according to the Optical Society of America, into the following subfields:
Coherent communications
Couplers, switches, and multiplexers
Fiber characterization
Fiber design and fabrication
Fiber materials
Fiber measurements
Fiber optics
Fiber optics amplifiers and oscillators
Fiber optics communications
Fiber optics components
Fiber optics imaging
Fiber optics links and subsystems
Fiber optics sensors
Fiber optics sources and detectors
Fiber optics, infrared
Fiber properties
Fibers, erbium
Fibers, polarization-maintaining
Fibers, single-mode
Frequency modulation
Gyroscopes
Homodyning
Modulation
Multiplexing
Networks
Nonlinear optics, fibers
Optical communications
Phase modulation
Pulse propagation and solitons
Ultrafast processes in fibers
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_talk:Fiber_optics"
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Gothic Lolita for teddy bears clothing
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It needs additional references or sources for verification. Tagged since March 2009.
It may contain original research or unverifiable claims. Tagged since September 2007.
Example of (lighty) Gothic Lolita in the Harajuku area of Shibuya, Tokyo
Gothic Lolita or "GothLoli"(???? gosurorii) sometimes "Loli-Goth" has two definitions. The term "Gothic and Lolita" is used by the Japanese to describe a sub-culture of teenagers who wear a wide range of fashions. It is used by English language sources mainly to describe a specific subset of Lolita fashion.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Terminology used by English-language fandom
2 Fashion style
3 Culture
3.1 "Goth" and "Lolita"
3.2 Shopping
3.3 Anime and manga
3.4 Outside of Japan
4 References
5 External links
//
History
The Lolita style began in the 1970's with brands such as Milk and Pink House making outfits that resembled Canada's Anne of Green Gables (which is widely loved in Japan) and, to a lesser extent, Little House on the Prairie. Angelic Pretty opened in 1979, Baby, The Stars Shine Bright opened in the 80's, and Moi-meme-Moitie opened in 1999.
Mana, ex-Malice Mizer (co-founded with Kozi, also guitar), is widely credited for having helped popularize Gothic Lolita, though he is not a founder of the style. He coined the terms "Elegant Gothic Lolita" (EGL) and "Elegant Gothic Aristocrat" (EGA) to describe the style of his own fashion label Moi-me-Moiti, which was founded in 1999. Other influential figures in the scene include the singer Kana, who often modeled for Lolita related fashion magazines, and Mitsukazu Mihara, who drew the first eight covers of the Gothic & Lolita Bible.
Terminology used by English-language fandom
Among English-language fandom, the term Elegant Gothic Lolita was originally used to describe a sub-set of Lolita fashion that was either all black, or mostly black with white accents. However, there are many subsets within 'Gothic Lolita,' including, but not limited to shirorori (white lolita), kurorori (black lolita), gurorori (Gory or grotesque lolita), and punk lolita. Black (kuro) and white (shiro) lolitas wear all black and white respectively, guro lolitas are often defined by bandages and an "injured" appearance, and punk lolita adds a punk touch to lolita fashion. There are fashions similar in feeling to gothic lolita but they are not regarded by the gothic lolita community as authentic, rather "lolita-styled".
Elegant Gothic Lolita (EGL) is a term coined by Mana (Guitarist and leader of Moi dix Mois and Malice Mizer, creator of clothing line Moi-me-Moiti). It can be considered a more mature version of gothic lolita, often worn by older teens and young women. The male 'counter-part' to EGL is EGA (Elegant Gothic Aristocrat); it is very tailored and stream-lined, both being mostly black and white. However, the term Gothloli (gosurori) is used by some foreigners to describe anyone in gothic or lolita.
Sweet Gothic Lolita refers to a gothic lolita appearance, paired with accessories such as fruit purse, key chains, and many other colorful additions. The style of sweet goth lolita can be a black and (insert color, pink, red...etc...) colored dress along with a cute sweet lolita head-dress. Even though this style of lolita isn't popular in Japan, it can be found.
Fashion style
Two Gothic Lolitas
Lolita fashion draws much of its inspiration from Rococo, Victorian-style and Edwardian fashion and often aims to imitate the look of Victorian children or porcelain dolls. Gothic Lolita applies the aesthetics of Gothic fashion to the childlike, pretty Lolita fashion. The word Gothloli comes, quite naturally, from a combination of Lolita and Gothic fashion.
Gothic Lolita is the best-known of the various "Lolita" looks. Other categories include "Classic Lolita", which is often more mature-looking and contains more muted colors and floral prints and "Sweet Lolita" which is identified by childish pastel colors and cute prints.
Gothic Lolita style is usually a combination of black and white, often black with white lace and typically decorated with ribbons and lace trims. Skirts are knee length and may have a crinoline or petticoat to add volume. As in mainstream Japanese fashion, over-knee socks or stockings are popular. White or black tights are also common. Boots, rocking horse shoes, or child-like shoes such as Mary Janes complete the look. Frilly, ruffled or lace-trimmed Victorian blouses are also popular with Gothic Lolitas and designs are usually modest, sometimes with long lace-capped sleeves and/or high-necked blouses.
Some additions may include mini top hats, parasols, and lace headdresses, which resemble wide, elegantly decorated headbands. Other popular Lolita headgear are ribbons, lace or bows, an alice band with a bow or sometimes even a bonnet. Hair is sometimes curled, or a curled wig is worn to complete the porcelain doll look. Blonde and black are the most popular hair colors, though as the fashion continues to develop, other colors (such as brown and red and other vivid colors) are increasing in popularity.
Lolita outfits may be accessorized with other props like handbags, small backpacks and purses, sometimes in the shape of bats, coffins, and crucifixes, as well as conspicuous pocket books, pocket watches, and hat boxes. Teddy bears and other stuffed animals are also common, and some brands make special "gothic" teddy bears out of black leather or PVC. Some Lolitas own Super Dollfie or other ball-jointed dolls and carry them when wearing the style, often going so far as to dress them to match. Gothic Lolita is extremely common in Japan.
Culture
Gothic Lolita
In Japan it is mass-marketed, though not widely worn, but has visibility particularly in the streets of Tokyo and Osaka, on television, in manga and computer games. The fashion is being picked up worldwide, thanks to the foreign publication of Japanese magazine anthology FRUiTS, where the outstanding style actually blends in with the other quirky teen trends in Japan. More "faithful" adherents to the style take many influences from the Rococo and Victorian periods of European history, believing it to be in the nature of a Lolita to be respectful, polite, and demure at all times; even more extreme adherents are often known to attempt to cultivate interest in hobbies or activities considered appropriate to high-society ladies during these periods, such as needlework, opera, classical and baroque styles of music, painting, sewing, and the traditional observance of high tea. For the most part, however, most Lolitas live a day-to-day life very similar to any average person.
"Goth" and "Lolita"
Lolita as a fashion is not as strongly associated with a particular style of music or outside interests as Goth, and individual followers of Lolita fashion may listen to a wide variety of music, from Classic music to pop and rock.
In Japan, Goth is a minor subculture with few followers, partly because the emphasis upon visual identity in Japanese youth culture makes other factors such as music and literature less important signifiers, and perhaps partly because Christianity is a minor religion here. In Japan, people who have heard the term "Goth" usually assume that it is simply a contraction of "Gothic Lolita",[citation needed] except for the Goths themselves, who strongly emphasize the differences. Likewise, some non-Japanese observers assume that "Gothic Lolita" is the Japanese version of "Goth", purely on the similarities in fashion.[citation needed]
Previously in Tokyo, the largest "goth" club events, such as "Tokyo Dark Castle", would also attract a noticeable proportion of Gothic Lolita customers. However, since 2005 their numbers have dwindled and such events...
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Ice hockey goaltending equipment for stainless steel butterf...
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In ice hockey, the goaltender wears specialized goaltending equipment to protect him from the impact of the puck and assist him in making saves.
Most modern goaltending equipment is made from the same basic materials: hydrophobic synthetic leather and nylon on the outside; dense closed-cell foams and plastics inside. Pads were formerly often made out of leather and stuffed with animal hair.
The National Hockey League specifies maximum dimensions of goaltending equipment to prevent goalies from having an unfair advantage. Many other professional and non-professional leagues adhere to equipment size regulations based on International Ice Hockey Federation rules.
Contents
1 Blocker
2 Trapper
3 Chest and arm protector
4 Jock
5 Leg pads
6 Mask
7 Pants
8 Skates
9 Stick
10 References
//
Blocker
The blocker is worn on the hand that holds the stick. It consists of a glove with a rectangular board attached to the backhand side. The board is usually curved up at one end. This flare is designed to help control the deflection and will create a tougher angle on a shot if a goalie uses the shaft-down technique. It can also be called a "waffle", in reference to older models, which were covered with real leather, but had holes cut in the leather to save weight. This gave the blocker a waffle-like appearance. The placement of the palm on the back of the blocker varies though it has been traditionally placed in the middle. Newer models tend to place the palm further to the inside of the glove and cover more of the net. In almost all cases, the goalie wears only one blocker, however, near the end of his career, retired goalie Dan Blackburn played with two after nerve damage rendered him incapable of closing his glove hand.
Trapper
The trapper, catcher, or catch glove is the glove worn on the free hand. It is similar to a baseball mitt, but it is much more protective and has a deeper pocket. In fact, the first goalie trapper, worn by former Chicago Blackhawks and New York Rangers goalie Emile Francis in 1948, was a baseball mitt. Common variations among trappers include the pocket angle. If glove is too bulky it will not allow for good stickhandling. Trappers tend to be one of the most cared for pieces of equipment for the goaltender. In order to prevent what is called a "pancake pocket", goalies will often deepen the pocket by strapping objects inside the glove when not in use. Their fit is extremely important as well as the goalie's sense of the pocket and angles of the trapper. This will make transitioning to new pads difficult in some cases besides the usual need to break in the pads. Some people suggest that the size of the trapper should be reduced from its present dimensions, which cannot be just
ified by the legitimate need to maximize protection.
Chest and arm protector
The chest and arm protector or arm and body pad is designed to protect the chest, shoulders, arms, and collarbone area from the impact of pucks. It is worn under the hockey jersey. This pad has progressively become more and more protective in recent years. In the days of Terry Sawchuk and Ken Dryden it was a much smaller and less protective piece of equipment. In effect they were at times little better than what baseball catchers wear today. Now with the advent of high density foams and higher quality materials such as carbon fiber, chest protectors can be made today that significantly increase the safety and life of modern goalies.
Jock
A goalie jock, which protects the pelvic area, is more protective than a common jockstrap, though it generally uses the same internal plastic cup. The jock is padded to spread an impact over a larger area and rests on the legs, and is more bulky. Many modern Jocks use two cups, one in front of the other, in order to provide more protection.
Instead of a jock, female goalies wear a pelvic protector called a jill.
Leg pads
Goalies wear special leg pads that descend from cricket pads. The pads are typically 10 to 12 inches (the limit in the NHL, as of 2009, is 11 inches) (2530cm) wide and extend 4 to 8 inches (1020cm) above the knee. Leg pads have evolved significantly over the years. Different pad styling accommodate the different styles of playing goal. The traditional leg pad style was designed with the stand up goaltender in mind. A newer design is meant for goalies who play in the butterfly style. The newer pads have built-in knee support that allows the goalie to be higher off of the ice when in the butterfly. These type of pads offer more flexibility, contouring to help in defending the five hole. Typically, they are longer than the traditional style, in order to cover the five hole while the goalie goes down in to the butterfly. In recent years goalies have tended to wear the pads loose, allowing them to use the "power leg" or "butterfly push" - where the goalie can actually slide from o
ne side of the net to another while down in the butterfly.
Mask
The first commonly used goalie masks were made of solid fiberglass with holes for the eyes, nose, mouth, and for ventilation. Today, most goalies don masks made of fiberglass, kevlar, carbon fiber, and other composite materials. Modern masks have a large cutout in the eye and nose area covered by a steel or titanium cage. This mask was developed by goalie Dave Dryden in the early 1980s.
Many goalies are able to be identified by the custom artwork airbrushed on their masks. Some maintain the same theme throughout their career, changing the colors to match their team's colors. Examples include Curtis Joseph's Cujo, Ed Belfour's eagle, Fix Potvin's abstract cat design, or Patrick Lalime's Marvin the Martian. Some goalies have more generic team-specific artwork, while others vary the artwork over the course of their careers.
An alternative to the mask is the helmet and cage combo, which consists of a wire facemask attached to a standard hockey helmet. This became popular during the 1970s since a cage provides better sightlines than a molded fiberglass mask. Its popularity peaked during the 1980s, yet started to decline during the 1990s, as hockey equipment manufacturers discontinued the production of helmets and cages favored by goaltenders. By the turn of the 21st century, only a few professional goalies still wore a helmet/cage combo. Included in this small group are Chris Osgood of the Detroit Red Wings in the NHL, Martin Prusek of Dinamo Riga in the KHL, Marco Brer of SC Bern in the Swiss National League A, and current unrestricted free agent Dan Cloutier. Dominik Hasek also wore the helmet/cage combo for the duration of his career.
There were two popular helmet/cage combinations used by professionals. The first was the Cooper SK2000 helmet with either the Cooper HM30 cage (currently used by Osgood and Cloutier) or the Cooper HM50 cage (previously used by Hasek). The other was the Jofa 280 Helmet with the 260.51 cage, which was last worn by Arturs Irbe. After Nike acquired Cooper and consolidated it as Nike Bauer, the SK2000 and HM50 were discontinued, while the HM30 was marketed as a field hockey mask (and subsequently discontinued in 2004). Jofa eventually phased out the 280 helmet and its respective cage, but now offer the RBK 3K helmet and 287 cage for the European market since consolidating with Reebok.
There are currently two models of goaltender masks which are both available to the North American market and based on the helmet/cage combination. The first model is the Hasek Pro Style 357, which follows the traditional helmet/cage style of masks. Current users of these helmets include Prusek and Brer, while Hasek used this model from the 2001-02 season up to his retirement. The second is the Mage, manufactured by Sportmask. The difference between the Mage and other helmet/cage combinations is...
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Alex Kahn for backlit light box
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Alex Kahn (b.1967) is an American visual and performance artist, best known for his creation of the large-scale puppet performance works that lead New York's Village Halloween Parade each year.
Contents
1 Pageant Puppetry and Processional Art
2 Other Works
3 External links
4 References
//
Pageant Puppetry and Processional Art
Luna Moths, from Alex Kahn's Metamorphosis, from the 1998 NY Village Halloween Parade
Since 1998, Kahn and his partner, Sophia Michahelles, have worked together under the name Superior Concept Monsters, conceiving, designing, and directing 10 commissioned works for the Halloween Parade. These works are often developed through open community workshops that bring hundreds of volunteers together to build, rehearse, and ultimately perform cyclical pieces specifically for the parade. The performances typically incorporate elements of puppetry, sound, dance, costume/mask, lighting/projection and mobile architecture, an amalgam of mediums Kahn calls rocessional art.
In addition to leading New York's Village Halloween Parade each year, Kahn creations have appeared in venues nationally and internationally. His work, Metamorphosis, involving 20 tall pupating luna moths, officially opened the 2000 Henson International Festival of Puppet Theatre. In 2002, he and Michahelles initiated a midsummer pageant project in the Italian Alps village of Morinesio, drawing on local folklore and oral history to create a unique site-specific pageant. Inspired by the success of the now-annual tradition, they have seeded similar projects in diverse locales in Italy, Texas, Maine, Oregon, New York, and Michigan. In 2006, Kahn was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to Trinidad and Tobago, to study the artistic and cultural structures behind Caribbean Carnival and Trinidadian as, or costumed procession.
Other Works
Kahn has maintained an independent practice as a theatrical designer, printmaker, installation artist, and teacher. His interdisciplinary approach was strongly influenced by his experience as technical director of the Kitchen Performance Center during the 1990s. During this time he created lighting, objects, and effects for performance artists including John Jesurun ("Chang in a Void Moon"), Mikel Rouse ("Failing Kansas"), Roseanne Spradlin, Meredith Monk, Pauline Oliveros, and David Hykes. His ongoing 10-year project, a fictional traveling museum called the Archive of the Synapse, has been exhibited nationally. San Francisco Chronicle art critic Kenneth Baker described the work as follows in a review from August 19, 2000:
n a dark box several objects, including a broken fluorescent tube and a floppy disk, glow with touches of color under ultraviolet light. Beneath it, a backlit label explains that traces of a lost dimension called the Synapse persist in, for example, "the fractures along which things break inexplicably . . . the penny which flips only tails, even the virus-infested computer disk." Kahn's piece makes these traces visible. He makes sly analogies between mystic-scientistic cult thinking and new art's uneasy position in the culture at large. Most remarkably, Kahn reawakens us to a true spookiness of art through the fiction of an ``X-Files-style obsession.
External links
Official website for Superior Concept Monsters
Official website for Archive of the Synapse
Official website for New York's Village Halloween Parade
WFUV Radio "Cityscape": documentary feature on Superior Concept Monsters
History Channel feature on Superior Concept Monsters
References
"The Greatest Free Show on Earth: Carnival from Trinidad to Brazil, Capetown to New Orleans" Claire Tancons. From exhibition catalogue for "Prospect 1: New Orleans" (PictureBox, 2008)
Puppetry International: Mega-Puppets Issue (Fall/Winter 2007-8) "Greenwich Village Halloween" article by Rolande DuPree.
Trinidad Guardian (4/25/06) uppeteers Find That Cultural Link by Kayode James
La Guida (6/13/03) Puppazzi gigante di Morinesio by Massimiliano Cavallo
Middletown Times Herald-Record (2/23/03) t Takes a Community to Build a Puppet by Deborah J. Botti
Harvard Magazine (Jan/Feb 03) ommunity Puppeteer by Ellenor J. Honig
Art New England (Feb/March 02) ight Upon Light: Towers of Remembrance by Chris Thompson
Portland Phoenix (10/26/00) athering Intelligence by Chris Thompson
Teokikixtli - Mexican Review of Puppet Arts (July 01) he Mysterious Life of Giant Puppets by Sophia Michahelles
New York Times (11/1/ 00) ight of the Living Dot-Com by Shaila Dewan
NyTeknik (11/00) alloween ?rets rysare by Jan Aschan. Swedish technical journal feature article on puppetry works
San Francisco Chronicle (8/19/00) rtists Create Show at Refusalon 1:1 review by Kenneth Baker
Chronogram (September 00) ulling Strings: Hudson Valley Puppetry Renaissance by Pauline Uchmanowicz
New York Times (11/1/98) photo from performance work
Categories: 1967 births | Living people | American artists | Jewish artists | Artists from New York | American puppeteers | Puppet designers | Fulbright Scholars | Harvard University alumni | San Francisco Art Institute alumni
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Bead crochet for mercerized cotton yarn
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A bead crochet necklace made from mercerized cotton and coral. This piece is worked in alternating beaded and non-beaded rows in order to align a comfortable lace surface against the wearer's collar while it displays beads to the viewer.
Bead crochet is a crochet technique that incorporates beads into a crochet fabric. The technique is used to produce decorative effects in women's fashion accessories.
The word "crochet" is derived from the French "croche" or "croc" meaning "to hook". Published descriptions of bead crochet date from around 1824 although it was probably common before then. At one time, bead crochet was thought by some people to be appropriate only for rich people.
Early examples of bead crochet include nineteenth century miser's purses. By the 1920s bead crochet technique also made necklace ropes, bracelets, and beaded bags. Bead crochet waned during the 1930s when the great depression reduced free time for decorative needlework and as inexpensive manufactured goods became more readily available. Interest in bead crochet has revived somewhat in recent years as a hobbyist pastime.
Construction
Convertible necklace/belt, drawstring change purse, and keychain.
Most bead crochet is created by stringing beads onto uncut crochet thread prior to crocheting. Most artists either use a beading needle or apply clear nail polish to the end of the thread to create an anchor point for beading. At predetermined stitches, the crocheter slides one bead down and incorporates it into the fabric. Pre-stringing requires both the bead sequence and the crochet pattern to be fully planned in advance of manufacture. This technique aligns beads on one side of the stitch. So crocheting in rounds naturally yields a bead side and a crochet side. Projects that are worked in rows would either have beads on both sides of the fabric or have alternating bead and non-bead rows.
Off-loom stitches and fringing may also be used to add beads onto finished crochet work. Design considerations in bead crochet include the size of the yarn or weight to be used, the diameter of the beads, and the weight of the bead material.
References
Bethany Barry, Bead Crochet, Loveland, Colorado, Interweave Press, 2004.
^ Beadwrangler.com crochet history.
^ Crochet History 1900s - 21st Century
^ Bead Crochet History
External links
Bead crochet
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bead crochet
v?d?eCrochet
Tools:
Crochet hook Cro-hook Hook gauge Scissors Stitch marker
Techniques and motifs:
Amigurumi Bead crochet Bilum Blocking Doily Gauge Granny square List of crochet stitches Shell stitch Tunisian crochet
Crocheted lace:
Broomstick lace Crocheted lace Filet crochet Hairpin lace Irish crochet
Related:
Crochet thread Dye lot Yarn
Categories: Beadwork | Crochet
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Lip frenulum piercing for Stainless Steel Jewelry
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Lip frenulum
Location
F. labii superioris
Jewelry
Barbell, captive bead ring
Healing
6 to 8 weeks
This box: view?talk
A lip frenulum piercing is a body piercing through the frenulum of either the upper or lower lip. A piercing through the upper lip frenulum is sometimes called a scrumper, or a smiley, because it can be visible when the wearer smiles. Opposingly, the piercing through the lower lip frenulum is sometimes referred to as a frowny.
Such piercings, anatomy permitting, are relatively simple procedures. Healing time is typically six to eight weeks. Rinsing with an antibacterial mouthwash two or three times a day helps with the healing process, but make sure that the mouthwash is non-alcoholic or it will actually hinder the healing process; those with new piercings should also avoid alcohol, and spicy foods until the piercing site is fully healed. this procedure is quick easy and leaves no scars the piercing is unseen on most unless a bigger jewellery piece is used.
Jewelry
Jewelry for piercings should meet the following requirements:
The jewelry should be removable; for example, one ball on the end of barbell-style jewelry could be unscrewable.
Barbell jewelry can cause irritation to the gums.
Captive bead jewelry is safer and will lay flat on the area causing no irritation.
The jewelry should allow for full cleaning of the piercing site.
Jewelry is light weight and does not damage gums or teeth.
The surface of the jewelry should be free of nicks, scratches, or jagged surfaces that might damage the piercing site.
The jewelry should be the right thickness: if its too thin, it can tear through the site, while excessively thick jewelry can cause an abscess, a cyst, or the formation of scar tissue.
The jewelry should be made from nonallergenic metals; in new piercings, only surgical stainless steel, and alloys with gold, platinum, niobium, or titanium should be used. Both nickel- and brass-plated jewelry should be avoided.
Both ring and barbell style jewelry can be worn in these piercings. Usually the jewelry worn in these piercings is low gauge, as there is not much tissue to pierce or stretch, and larger gauge jewelry may be more likely to damage the teeth and gums. Captive bead rings are more common as they provide more visibility than a barbell.[citation needed]
History and culture
Both variations on this piercing are of contemporary origin. Although they are known to have existed prior, first documented photograph[citation needed] of an upper lip frenulum piercing was an image of body modification practitioner Steve Haworth in a German magazine in the mid 90's.
References
^ Body piercing healing time from the NYU Medical Center website
^ Home Treatment after Piercing from the NYU Medical Center website
^ Appropriate jewelry for body piercing sites from the NYU Medical Center website
v?d?eBody piercing
Piercing methods
Contemporary piercing procedures ? Body piercing materials ? Stretching ? Play piercing ? Pocketing ? Surface piercing ? Ear piercing gun
Ear piercings
Tragus ? Antitragus ? Snug ? Daith ? Conch ? Helix ? Rook ? Industrial
Facial and oral piercings
Cheek ? Eyebrow ? Anti-eyebrow ? Lip (Labret ? Lip plate ? Lip frenulum ? Monroe ? Medusa) ? Nose (Bridge) ? Tongue (Tongue frenulum) ? Uvula
Body piercings
Corset ? Hand web ? Hip ? Madison ? Navel ? Nipple ? Nape
Female genital piercings
Christina ? Clitoris ? Clitoral hood ? Triangle ? Fourchette ? Isabella ? Labia ? Nefertiti ? Princess Albertina
Male genital piercings
Ampallang ? Apadravya ? Hafada ? Foreskin ? Deep shaft ? Dolphin ? Dydoe ? Frenum ? Frenum ladder ? Guiche ? Lorum ? Magic cross ? Prince Albert ? Reverse Prince Albert ? Pubic ? Transscrotal
Categories: Body piercing | Mouth | Oral pathology
Hidden categories: Articles containing how-to sections | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since November 2007
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Kansas City Power & Light District for Mosaic Bistro Set
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Power & Light District
Location
1100 Walnut StreetSuite 3000Kansas City, Missouri 64106
Coordinates
3905?52?N 9434?56?W? / ?39.09778 94.58222? / 39.09778; -94.58222
Type
Mixed-use retail, entertainment, office, and residential development
Built
2005 - 2008
Opened
First tenant opened November 9, 2007; various openings through 2008 and 2009
Owner
Cordish Company
Capacity
nine city block area
Website
http://www.powerandlightdistrict.com/ (Flash only)
The Kansas City Power & Light District or Power & Light District is a shopping and entertainment district currently in Downtown Kansas City, Missouri, United States, developed by the Cordish Company of Baltimore, Maryland and designed by 360 Architecture. The district comprises nine blocks on the south side of the downtown loop. It is located between Baltimore Avenue to the west, Grand Boulevard to the east, 12th Street to the north, and Interstate 670 to the south. The $850 million mixed-use district is one of the largest development projects in the Midwestern United States The Power & Light District is one of only a few places in the United States where possession and consumption of open containers of alcoholic beverages are allowed on the street, although they remain prohibited on the street throughout the rest of Kansas City.
Contents
1 Location
2 Kansas City Live!
3 Power & Light District Tenants
4 Entertainment
5 Future Plans
6 Criticism
7 Alcohol and the Power & Light District
8 See also
9 External links
10 References
//
Location
The Power & Light District is immediately to the west of the Sprint Center. It originally was to be named Kansas City Live!, but the Cordish Company decided instead to name the district after the art deco Kansas City Power and Light Building. The present headquarters of the Kansas City Power & Light Company (a subsidiary of Great Plains Energy) is also located on the northern side of the district. A one-block area within the district, however, is called Kansas City Live!, and contains two floors of bars, restaurants, and nightclubs, as well as a large, partially-enclosed courtyard and concert venue (see below).
Kansas City Live!
The interior of the Kansas City Live! block of the Power & Light District under the ETFE roof system, featuring the Kansas City Live! stage, Gordon Biersch Brewing Company, and Maker's Mark Bourbon House and Lounge
Another view of Kansas City Live! under the roof with the city skyline in the distance, looking north.
Vinino on the ground floor, and Howl at the Moon on the second floor on the eastern edge of the Kansas City Live! block
View looking west on 13th Street toward the namesake Kansas City Power & Light building.
View looking east on 13th Street toward the Sprint Center.
At the heart of the Power & Light District is Kansas City Live!, a one block area devoted to live music and entertainment venues. At the center of Kansas City Live! is a covered outdoor plaza to be used for concerts. The roof system, produced by Structurflex, is made of an Ethylene TetraFluoro Ethylene (ETFE) single-skin membrane. The first installation of an ETFE cushion solution in the United States was a facade in NYC for AOL Time Warner (2002/2003; 100m2). Credit for the first roof skylight application goes to the project Pasadena Art Center (690m2, installation in 2004) and the first large scale pure roof application was for an aquatic facility in McGaheysville (appr. 4500m2, installation in 2005).(previous installations have included AWD Arena in Hanover, Germany and Beijing National Stadium). Construction of the roof began on August 17, 2007. The ground floor of the Kansas City Live! block focuses on bars and restaurants, including McFadden's Sports Saloon, Vinino,
Ragland Road, Maker's Mark Bourbon House and Lounge, Tengo Sed Cantina, and Gordon Biersch Brewing Company. The second floor of Kansas City Live! houses the night clubs and entertainment concepts, including Mosaic Lounge, Lucky Strike Lanes, Angels Rock Bar, and Howl at the Moon.
The Kansas City Live! area of the Power & Light District was showcased before a television audience twice during May 2008. American Idol finalist David Cook played a short set from the Kansas City Live! stage on May 9, 2008, which aired during the television show the following week. The same location also hosted the official watch party for the final episode of the 2008 season, which featured a live television feed from the Power & Light District.
Late night visitors to the Kansas City Live! block are required to present identification for entry which is then scanned by a handheld scanner which collects demographic data without informed consent. Due to the lack of informed consent, this potential invasion of personal privacy goes largely unnoted. It has been reported that you can ask for your identification not to be scanned.
Power & Light District Tenants
The following establishments have already opened for business in the Power & Light District:
801 Steak & Chop House - 10,314sqft (958.2m2) Des Moines based steak house (opened October 1, 2008)
Angel's Rock Bar - 4,000-square-foot (370m2) music venue and club? (opened March 7, 2008)
Bice Bistro - a sophisticated, urban, upscale Italian bistro features authentic Italian cuisine with an international touch in 8,700sqft (810m2). In addition to the main bistro, the location also hosts a carryout operation, and a rooftop martini and wine lounge with a limited menu. (opened July 24, 2008)
Bristol Seafood Grill - 8,000-square-foot (740m2) seafood restaurant (opened February 26, 2008)
Chefburger - 3,300-square-foot (310m2), locally owned, build your own burger joint (opened March 10, 2008)
Chipotle Mexican Grill - 2,400-square-foot (220m2) location of the Denver-based Fresh Mex chain (opened on February 27, 2008)
Cosentino's Downtown Gourmet Market - 37,000-square-foot (3,400m2) upscale grocery store (opened January 6, 2009)
The Drum Room - restaurant, martini bar, and live entertainment lounge located in the historic President Hotel
Famous Dave's Legendary Pit Bar-B-Que - 6,300 square foot location of the Minnesota-based barbecue restaurant chain (opened February 22, 2008; reopening March 6, 2009 )
Flying Saucer Draught Emporium - 4,600-square-foot (430m2) location of the Dallas/Ft. Worth-based beer bar chain, featuring 200 beers on tap? (opened May 5, 2008)
GNC - 1,700-square-foot (160m2) location of the Pittsburgh-based chain of stores selling health and nutrition related products, over the counter drugs, and food supplements (opened December 31, 2008)
Gordon Biersch Brewing Company - 8,500-square-foot (790m2) location of the Chattanooga-based chain of brewery/restaurants? (opened March 10, 2008)
H&R Block world headquarters (opened October, 2006)
Hilton President Kansas City - 213-room refurbished historic 1926 hotel, featuring the Drum Room (reopened January 5, 2006)
Howl at the Moon Piano Bar - 4,700-square-foot (440m2) location of the Cincinnati-based chain of "dueling-piano bars"? (opened February 7, 2008)
Jos. A. Bank - 4,300-square-foot (400m2) location of the Maryland-based men's clothing designer and retailer located at 1320 Main St. (opened February 13, 2009)
Lucky Strike Lanes - 23,000-square-foot, 12-lane upscale Hollywood-based bowling alley, featuring live DJs, food, and drinks? (opened on March 6, 2008)
Maker's Mark Bourbon House and Lounge - 6,000-square-foot (560m2) location of the Kentucky-based whiskey distiller's chain of restaurants and lounges? (opened Friday May...
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WBACH for FM Radio Watch
xs0927da-42 Watch ,
(Redirected from WBQI)
WBQW/WBQX/WBQI
City of license
WBQW: KennebunkportWBQX: ThomastonWBQI: Bar Harbor
Branding
WBACH
Slogan
Maine's Clasical Network
Frequency
WBQW: 104.7 MHzWBQX: 106.9 MHzWBQI: 107.7 MHz
First air date
1991-04-22 (as WKME)
Format
Classical
ERP
WBQW: 6,000 wattsWBQX: 29,500 wattsWBQI: 11,500 watts
HAAT
WBQW: 87 metersWBQX: 193 metersWBQI: 149 meters
Class
WBQW: AWBQX: BWBQI: B1
Facility ID
WBQW: 69855WBQX: 49564WBQI: 40925
Transmitter Coordinates
4324?16.00?N 7026?15.00?W? / ?43.4044444 70.4375? / 43.4044444; -70.4375 (WBQW)446?30.00?N 699?28?W? / ?44.1083333 69.15778? / 44.1083333; -69.15778 (WBQX)4433?13.00?N 685?40.00?W? / ?44.5536111 68.0944444? / 44.5536111; -68.0944444 (WBQI)
Owner
Nassau Broadcasting Iii, LLC
Webcast
Listen Live
Website
wbachradio.com
WBACH is a network of FM radio stations in Maine owned by Nassau Broadcasting. The network consists of WBQW 104.7 Kennebunkport, WBQX 106.9 Thomaston and WBQI 107.7 Bar Harbor. Currently the stations air a classical music format.
History
The WBACH format was launched in November 1991, initially airing on WBQQ 99.3 in Kennebunk. The stationwas founded by Mariner Broadcasting, and (after assembling its network) was acquired by Nassau in 2003.
WBQW's history originated with the sign-on of 106.3 in Scarborough in 1974 as WJBQ (no relation to the current WJBQ in Portland) changing calls to WDCS and adopting a classical music format in September 1981 involving a frequency swap with 97.9 (Portland, Maine). It later changed to WPKM before adopting the WBQW call sign. It became part of the WBACH network in 1998.
WBQX signed on in 1992 and was previously known as WAVX "The Classical Wave" (then simulcasted with 101.7, the current WFZX). It also became part of the WBACH network in 1998.
WBQI was previously WMDI, the call letters standing for Mount Desert Island, the area in which the city of license, Bar Harbor, is located. It joined the WBACH network in 2001.
On October 6, 2008, some of the WBACH stations were realigned. WBQQ was removed from the network completely, shifting to a simulcast of WTHT, while WBQW moved from 106.3 to 104.7, a frequency that had previously been in first an adult contemporary format with Bob & Sheri in the morning as WQEZ, and later active rock as WHXQ, a simulcast with WHXR; in the latter capacity, it had planned to switch to sports talk provided by Boston's WEEI in January 2008, but the deal between Nassau and Entercom ended up collapsing.
References
^ Fybush, Scott (July 18, 1998). "Lobel Leaves BZ Radio". North East RadioWatch. http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-980718.html. Retrieved on January 28, 2009.
^ Fybush, Scott (December 15, 2003). "WCMF's Unkle Roger Killed". NorthEast Radio Watch. http://www.fybush.com/nerw-031215.html. Retrieved on 2009-01-28.
^ "Atlantic Coast, Nassau Shake Up Maine". August 25, 2008. http://www.fybush.com/NERW/2008/080825/nerw.html. Retrieved on January 28, 2009.
^ Whitehouse, Randy (October 23, 2007). "Boston's WEEI coming to Maine". Lewiston Sun Journal. http://www.sunjournal.com/story/235226-3/LocalSports/Bostons_WEEI_coming_to_Maine/. Retrieved on January 7, 2007.
^ "Entercom-Nassau Deal Falls Through". Radio Ink. January 4, 2008. http://www.radioink.com/HeadlineEntry.asp?hid=140600&pt=todaysnews. Retrieved on January 7, 2008.
External links
Query the FCC's FM station database for WBQW
Radio Locator information on WBQW
Query Arbitron's FM station database for WBQW
Query the FCC's FM station database for WBQX
Radio Locator information on WBQX
Query Arbitron's FM station database for WBQX
Query the FCC's FM station database for WBQI
Radio Locator information on WBQI
Query Arbitron's FM station database for WBQI
Maine Radio History from bostonradio.org
Official site for WBACH
v?d?eRadio stations in the Portland, Maine market
By AM frequency
560 730 780 870 900 970 1310 1400 1440 1450 1490
By FM frequency
87.7 88.3 89.3 90.1 90.9/104.1 91.9 92.1 92.7 92.7 93.1 94.3 94.9 95.5 95.9 96.3 97.9 98.9 96.9/99.3/99.9 100.7 100.9 101.9 102.9 103.7 104.7 105.1 105.9 106.3 106.7 107.5
By callsign
W224BQ WBAE WBCI WBLM WBQW WCLZ WCSH WCYY WFNK WPHX-FM WGAN WGEI WHOM WHXQ WHXR WJBQ WJJB-FM WJTO WJZP-LP WKTQ WLOB WLVP WMEA WMGX WMPG WMSJ WOXO-FM WPEI WPKQ WPOR WRED WTBM WTHT WTME WVAE WWBK WYAR WYFP WYNZ WZAN
Defunct stations
WCDQ
Maine Radio Markets: Augusta-Waterville ? Bangor ? Lewiston-Auburn ? Portland
Other Maine Radio Regions: Northern & Downeast Maine
See also: List of radio stations in Maine
v?d?eRadio stations in the Augusta-Waterville, ME market
By FM frequency
88.9 89.7 90.5 91.3 92.3 93.3 93.5 93.9 95.3 96.3 96.7 97.5 98.5 99.3 100.1 100.5 101.3 102.5 102.9 103.3 104.3 105.1 105.9 106.9 107.5 107.9
By AM frequency
1160 1280 1340 1400 1450 1490
By callsign
WABK-FM WARX WBCI WBQX WBLM WCME WCTB WEBB-FM WFAU WFMX WFNK WIGY WJZN WKTJ WLOB WMCM WMDR WMDR-FM WMEP WMEW WMHB WMME WQSS WRFR-LP WRKD WSKW WTOS WTVL WUMF WVQM WWWA W263AS
Maine Radio Markets: Augusta-Waterville ? Bangor ? Lewiston-Auburn ? Portland
Other Maine Radio Regions: Northern & Downeast Maine
See also: List of radio stations in Maine
v?d?eRadio stations in the Bangor, Maine market
By FM frequency
88.5 89.3 89.9 90.9 91.5 91.9 92.9 93.3 94.5 95.7 97.1 99.5 100.3 101.7 102.1 103.1 103.9 104.7 105.7 106.5 107.3 107.7
By AM frequency
620 910 1340 1400 1530
By call sign
W218BJ W227BE WAEI WAEI-FM WBFB WBQI WBZN WDME WERU WEZQ WFGO WFZX WGUY WHCF WHMX WHSN WJCX WKIT WKSQ WMEB WNZS WQCB WVOM WWMJ WWNZ WZON
Maine Radio Markets: Augusta-Waterville ? Bangor ? Lewiston-Auburn ? Portland
Other Maine Radio Regions: Northern & Downeast Maine
See also: List of radio stations in Maine
v?d?eNassau Broadcasting Partners
Maine
WFNK (FM) WTHT (FM) WHXR (FM) WHXQ (FM) WBQQ (FM) WBQW (FM) WBQX (FM) WBQI (FM) WBYA (FM) WLAM (AM) WLVP (AM)
Maryland
WAFY (FM) WWEG (FM) WARK (AM)
Massachusetts
WPXC (FM) WFRQ (FM) WFQR (FM) WFRQ (FM) WCRB (FM)
New Hampshire
WWHQ (FM) WLNH (FM) WNNH (FM) WFNQ (FM) WLKZ (FM) WJYY (FM) WNHW (FM) WHDQ (FM) WTSV (AM) WEMJ (AM)
New Jersey
WPST (FM) WCHR (AM) WHWH (AM) WNJE (AM)
Pennsylvania
WSBG (FM) WWYY (FM) WODE (FM) WVPO (AM) WPLY (AM) WEEX (AM) WBYN (AM) WTKZ (AM) WFKB (FM)
Vermont
WORK (FM) WWFY (FM) WWOD (FM) WPLY (FM) WXLF (FM) WZLF (FM) WEXP (FM) WTHK (FM) WMOO (FM) WSNO (AM) WNHV (AM) WIKE (AM)
Former stations
WBBO WBUD WCHR WDLC WHCY WJLK WNJO WNNJ WOBM WRDR WSUS WTHK WTSX WWHK
Categories: Radio stations in Maine | Classical music radio stations in the United States | Maine radio station stubs
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Flicker (screen) for Used LCD Monitors
landscape turf(HJ-3030) ,
For other uses of the word, see Flicker.
Flicker is visible fading between cycles displayed on video displays, especially the refresh interval on cathode ray tube (CRT) based computer screens. Flicker occurs on CRTs when they are driven at a low refresh rate, allowing the screen's phosphors to lose their excitation (afterglow) between sweeps of the electron gun. A similar effect occurs in PDPs during their refresh cycles.
For example, if a CRT computer monitor's vertical refresh rate is set to 60 Hz, most monitors will produce a visible "flickering" effect, unless they use phosphor with long afterglow. Most people find that refresh rates of 70-90 Hz and above enable flicker-free viewing on CRTs. Use of refresh rates above 120 Hz is uncommon, as they provide little noticeable flicker reduction and limit available resolution.
Since the shutters used in liquid crystal displays for each pixel stay at a steady opacity, they do not flicker, even when the image is refreshed. The backlights of such displays do flicker, but typically operate in the range of 150-250 Hz.
The lighting used in film projectors is typically an incandescent or arc lamp, which does not flicker, but some degree of flicker is desirable to help decrease the flicker fusion threshold comfortably below film's typical framerate of 24 fps. This is usually accomplished with a shutter which causes the lamplight to apparently strobe on and off at a multiple of the framerate, most often 48-96 Hz.
The exact refresh rate necessary to prevent the perception of flicker varies greatly based on the viewing environment. In a completely dark room, a sufficiently dim display can run as low as 30 Hz without visible flicker. At normal room and TV brightness this same display rate would produce flicker so severe as to be unwatchable.
Another factor in detecting flicker is peripheral vision. The human eye is most sensitive to flicker at the edges of our field of view, and least sensitive at the center of gaze (the area being focused on). As a result, the greater the portion of our field of view that is occupied by a display, the greater is the need for high refresh rates. This is why computer monitor CRTs usually run at 70 to 90 Hz, while TVs, which are viewed from further away, are seen as acceptable at 60 or 50 Hz (see PAL and NTSC.)
Software artifacts
Flicker, a flashing effect displeasing to the eye, often occurs through flaws in software, with no hardware faults involved. Flicker in software is caused by a computer program's failure to consistently maintain its graphical state. For example, the data in the video hardware, resulting from program drawing, may momentarily include a white rectangle before the text that belongs there is 'drawn.' Part or all of a flickering region is frequently and completely blank or in some other intermediate state.
The CS_VREDRAW and CS_HREDRAW window class styles direct Windows to cause an entire program window to be redrawn when the window is resized. Disabling these styles causes only the areas uncovered by resizing to be invalidated for painting. However, flicker may still occur at the edges or when data is updated for other reasons.
The practise of blanking an area, then drawing 'on top' of it, makes it possible for the blank region to appear momentarily onscreen. When it is not feasible to set each pixel only once, double-buffering can be used. The method involves creating an offscreen drawing surface (in GDI, a bitmap and device context), drawing to it, and then blitting it all at once to the screen. While this technique cuts down on software flicker, it can also be very inefficient.
Flicker is also used intentionally by developers on low-end systems to create the illusion of more objects or colors/shades than are actually possible on the system, or as a speedy way of simulating transparency. While typically thought of as a mark of older systems like 16-bit game consoles, the flicker technique continues to be used on new systems, such as the temporal dithering used to fake truecolor on most new LCD monitors.
Video hardware outside the monitor can also cause flicker through many different timing and resolution related artifacts such as screen tearing, z-fighting and aliasing.
Health Effects
The constant refreshing of a CRT monitor can cause various symptoms in those sensitive to it such as headaches in migraine sufferers and seizures in epileptics, if they are photosensitive. Screen filters are available to reduce these effects. A high refresh rate (above 75 Hz) also helps to negate these particular effects. Frequent users of TFT monitors usually are more sensitive to the low refresh rate of CRT monitors as the light behind a TFT monitor (backlight) usually is driven at 40-50 kHz, which is unnoticeable to the human eye.
As the flicker is most clearly seen at the edge of our vision there is no obvious risk in using a CRT, but prolonged use can cause a sort of retinal shock where the flickering is seen even when looking away from the monitor. This can create a sort of motion sickness, a discrepancy between the movement detected by the fluid in the inner ear and the motion we can see. Symptoms include dizziness, fatigue, headaches and (sometimes extreme) nausea. The symptoms usually disappear in less than a week without CRT use, and usually only last a few hours unless the exposure has been over a long period.
External links
Predicting flicker thresholds for video display terminals
Categories: Display technology | Television technology
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Wall box for metal wall brackets
Coin Banker with Key Ring And Mini Coin Bank And Coin Box And Money Box And Piggy Bank And Coin Collector ,
A British Wall box set into a brick pillar, at the Amberley Working Museum.
Wall boxes are a type of post box or letter box found in many countries including France, the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth of Nations, Crown dependencies and Ireland. They differ from pillar boxes in that, instead of being a free-standing structure, they are generally set into a wall (hence the name) or supported on a free-standing pole, girder or other stable structure. In the UK, UK Dependent Territories, Colonies and former Colonies and in many former British Empire countries, wall boxes usually bear the initials of the reigning monarch at the time the box was made. The first UK wall boxes were erected in 1857 in Shrewsbury and Market Drayton.
Contents
1 Construction
2 Manufacturers
3 History
4 Queen Victoria
5 King Edward VII
6 King George V
7 King Edward VIII
8 King George VI
9 Elizabeth II
10 Republic of Ireland
11 Images
12 Wall boxes around the world
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
//
Construction
Wall boxes are normally made of cast iron and are fabricated in two large castings with a third casting for the door. The rear part of the box which is set into the wall is cast as one piece, rather like an upright coffin. The whole front of the box including the aperture, royal cipher and the collection plate holder, are cast as one. There is a large opening in the front casting into which a hinged door is inserted. It is held in place by steel pins at top and bottom which locate into machined holes in the front casting. A secure 5-lever Chubb lock is fitted to all wall boxes made after 1870. Previously, narrower locks from the firm of Nettlefields were used. They are not interchangeable and this causes problems when keys are lost and locks have to be changed.
The tablet holder box and the Chubb lock are clearly visible as a postman clears mail from an 'A' size wall box in Deal, Kent
Initial examples were fitted with a simple wire tray internally over the base to raise any post off the lower surface. This was necessary because water seeped into the box through the side seams and condensation could also form on the inside, making the base rather wet. Later modifications saw this wirework extended to form a vertical barrier across the whole inside front of the box. This prevented mail from cascading out onto the ground when the door was opened for clearing the box. By 1879, UK wall boxes were also fitted with a drop-down hinged metal letter chute to help guide the stored mail into the waiting sack or basket during clearance.
An even later modification, which was then widely retro-fitted, was the provision externally of a Next Collection tablet holder to hold the square metal tablet inscribed, enamelled or printed with the time or day on which the next collection is due to be made. At the same time, internally, a tablet storage box was added to hold the remaining day or hour tablets not currently in use.
Manufacturers
Many different manufacturers' names may be found on British-style wall boxes, many of which were exported around the world. Included amongst these are: Smith and Hawkes Ltd., Eagle Range & Foundry, Bernard P. Walker & Co., W.T. Allen & Co. Ltd., Carron Co., Derby Castings Ltd., Andrew Handyside & Co. Ltd.
Manufacture of cast-iron wall boxes in the UK for postal use finished in 1980.
History
Queen Victoria
Letter Box Study Group identifiers appear in brackets. The first pillar box was erected in the Channel Islands in 1852 and it was soon realised that, while successful, pillar boxes were expensive to manufacture and sometimes difficult to site. A box which could be recessed into a wall was preferred in rural areas where no pavement or street lighting existed. The First National Standard (WB74) design was made by the Birmingham, UK firm of Smith & Hawkes Ltd. and the first boxes were installed in 1857. Today, around 10 survive, mostly in the West Country and West Midlands of Great Britain. The design was seen to have several flaws which lead to unacceptable ingress of water when in use in the wet British climate. A modified version, The Second National Standard (WB75 and WB76), debuted in 1859 and was more successful. A pedimented top and a large rain hood helped to keep water out of the box. Drainage holes were provided at the base to enable accumulated water to drain away
easily. The doors of these two boxes were rather small and set high up the front of the box, which made clearing them awkward.
This rare Victorian 2nd National standard wall box near Andover in Hampshire has a large hood and a pedimented top to keep the rain out
This problem was overcome with the 1861 modification to form the Smith & Hawkes No.2 Size (WB78), in addition, a larger size, known as No.1 (WB77), was also provided. It had been trialled with the Second National Standard in very small numbers, only one of which has survived in the UK at Wickhambrook, Suffolk. There are about ten survivors of the later No.1 Large size and several hundred of the No.2 size in the UK.
The only known example of the large 2nd National Standard wall box is at Boydon End, Wickhambrook, in Suffolk
By moving the Collection plate from the top front of the box casting to a slot in the door, it was made much easier to change, having previously been bolted to the box front. These produced the 1871 design (WB83/1). The foundry underwent a series of ownership changes which saw Eagle Range & Foundry, Bernard P. Walker and even a combination of these two incised into the box maker's plate at the foot of the door (WB83/2-83/5). The Eagle Range & Foundry boxes made in the mid 1880s were very attractive with smooth recessed collection plates and small neat VR cipher and crown. The contract passed to W.T. Allen in 1886 with the production of the "odd" size C box (WB86), which should have been 10 inches wide and 13 inches deep, but was actually 13 inches wide and only 10 inches deep. Only 70 were made before this mistake was rectified, with the introduction in 1887 of the Queen Victoria Jubilee boxes. This series comprised three sizes with the largest now designated A, the m
edium size (formerly No.1) now B and the small one (formerly No.2) Type C (WB84, WB85, WB87). This trend remained the same for the next 75 years.
King Edward VII
Early Edwardian wall boxes used the Victorian patterns, modified to show an "E" instead of a "V", but retaining the Imperial State Crown from the Victorian boxes. This was modified in 1905 to correctly show the Tudor Crown of King Edward VII. Later still, a full "scroll cipher" was used on all but the smallest boxes.
A very good example of the Type A wall box with a full Edward VII Scroll type cipher at Cambridge Railway Station
King George V
During this long reign many thousands of wall boxes were installed. Of note are the free-standing wall boxes of Size A for use on the street and the introduction of boxes with rear-opening doors, designated Types D, E and F respectively, for use in sub-post offices. Included in these are the Type E boxes made respectively in:WB106/1 1932 by Andrew Handyside & Co. of DerbyWB106/2 1933 by Derby Castings Ltd.WB106/3 1934-6 by W.T. Allen & Co. Ltd. of Londonwhich cause a lot of confusion for those photographing and studying them as they are identical save for the Maker's name on the base which may be obscured by 75 years' worth of paint. All have the larger GR cipher positioned low on the door, whereas earlier GR boxes by W.T. Allen 1910-25 have a smaller cipher set much higher on the door, so that the top of the cipher almost abuts the collection plate holder. Similar difficulties are encountered when trying...
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Qiang people for china bamboo flooring
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(Redirected from Chiang Min people)
Qiang
Alternative names:Ch'iang, Chiang-Min, Erma
Total population
200,000
Regions with significant populations
China, Sichuan: 200,000
Languages
Qiang
Religion
Ruism, Tibetan Buddhism, Taoism, Islam
The Qiang people (Chinese: ??; pinyin: qi?ng z) are an ethnic group. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, with a population of approximately 200,000, living mainly in northwestern part of Sichuan province. Nowadays, the Qiang are only a small segment of the Chinese population, but they are commonly believed to be an old, once strong and populous people whose history can be traced at least to the Shang Dynasty and whose offsprings include some portion of the modern Tibetans, some portion of the modern Han Chinese and many minority ethnic groups in Western China.
Contents
1 Early history
2 Recent history
3 Customs
4 Culture and lifestyle
5 Religion
5.1 Legend of the White Stones
5.2 Similarities to Judaism
6 References
7 See also
8 External links
//
Early history
In ancient China literature, Qiang was usually used as a generic term for the non-Huaxia peoples in the west part of mordern China. These peoples were frequently at war with the inhabitants of the Yellow River valley, the ancestors of many ethnic Hans. Not until the rise of the state of Qin under Duke Mu was the Qiang expansion effectively checked. A Qiang leader, Yao Chang founded the Later Qin kindom (384-417) during the Sixteen Kingdoms period of Chinese history.
The structure of the graph ? also reflects this view. It was composed of two elements: ? (man) and ? (sheep), suggesting a sheep-herding people. During the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 AD) and Wei-Jin periods (221-419), Qiang were widely distributed along the mountainous fringes of the northern and eastern Tibetan Plateau, from the Kunlun Mountains (???) in Xinjiang province, and eastern Qinghai area, to southern Gansu, western Sichuan, and northern Yunnan.
Later, the Chinese government restricted the term Qiang min ?? (Qiang people registered with the Chinese government) to refer to sinicized non-Han people living in the Min River valley in Sichuan and used the term Fan Qiang ?? (raw Qiang) to refer to less sinicized non-Han tribes living in the vicinity.
Recent history
At present, the Qiang have a self-identity, referring to themselves as Qiang zu (??) and erma or rma (??). There are about 200,000 Qiang people today in western Sichuan, predominantly in the five counties of Maoxian, Wenchuan, Lixian, Beichuan and Heishui, of the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture. On 12 May 2008, the Qiang people were heavily affected by the major earthquake, whose epicenter was in Wenchuan County.
The Qiang today are mountain dwellers. A fortress village, zhai ?, composed of 30 to 100 households, in general, is the basic social unit beyond the household. An average of two to five fortress villages in a small valley along a mountain stream, known in local Chinese as gou ?, make up a village cluster (cun ?). The inhabitants of fortress village or village cluster have close contact in social life. In these small valleys, people cultivate narrow fluvial plains along creeks or mountain terraces, hunt animals or collect mushrooms and herbs (for food or medicine) in the neighboring woods, and herd yaks and horses on the mountain-top pastures. In the past, warfare between villages was common.
From the linguistic point of view, all modern Qiang people speak one of the two Qiang languages, which are members of the Qiangic sub-family of Tibeto-Burman. However, dialects are so different that communication between different Qiang groups is often in Han Chinese. Lacking a script of their own, the Qiangs also use Chinese characters.
Customs
The oftentimes matrilineal Qiang society is primarily monogamous, although polyandry and cross-cousin marriages are accepted. Since most women are older than their husbands and lead agricultural activities, they act as the head of the family as well as the society.
Romantic love is considered important, and sexual freedom is prevalent. The Qiang find marriages important.[citation needed] In the past, marriages were organized by the parents, with approval from the person who's to get married. It still is not unusual for brides to live in their parents' homes for a year or so after the marriage. In the past, children are usually separated from their parents after marriage, except for the first son and his family. However, such habits have been gradually discarded with the coming of liberation.
The Qiang also have a rigid taboo system in their birth and death. Prior to the birth of a baby, a pregnant woman is not allowed to go near the...(and so on)
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Allama Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi for Gold Jewelry Set
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Material: Ceramic beads & Cotton String. Ceramic bead is made of clay. Adopting Nontoxic dyestuff. Colors are mixed with clay. It makes sure never lose color at all. All products are hand made. NL17-04 necklace mo
(Redirected from Allama I. I. Kazi)
Allama Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi
Born
April 18, 1886(1886-04-18)Village Paat District Dadu District, Sindh, Pakistan
Died
April 13, 1968Near Kotri Bridge, Hyderabad, Buried at Jamshoro
Allama Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi (Sindhi: ????? ??? ???? ??? ????) (b.1886 - 1968), was a great scholar, philosopher, jurist, and a well known educationist. He is considered to be a founder of the University of Sindh at its present location at Jamshoro. Many remarkable works for Sindhi Art, literature, mysticism, education and history are attributed to him. Along with his wife Elsa, he wrote "The Adventures of the Brown Girl in her Search for God", which was published by Arthur H Stockwell Ltd., England in 1937 and is considered as one of the finest books on comparative religion.
Contents
1 Life
2 Practical Life
3 Retirement
4 Passing away
5 Source
6 See also
//
Life
He was the second son of the second wife of Kazi Imam Ali Ansari the District Magistrate of Hyderabad and was born on April 18, 1886, at Hyderabad. His family was originally from Paat of Dadu District. He got his early education from Mian Abdul Aziz. Then he joined a school and passed Sindhi vernacular final examination in 1904. He took admission in higher school and passed exam of Matriculation in 1905. He went abroad for higher Education, where he studied Economics and Psychology, from London School of Economics and King College respectively. He was taught philosophy by Dr. Arnold. He left for London in 1907, where he married a German lady Elsa Kazi in 1910. Elsa (Gertrude Loesch) was the daughter of a famous German composer, who was a disciple of Mozart. She was most talented and was a philosopher, writer and poet of a high caliber. Allama Kazi was called to the Bar in 1911, following which he returned home with his bride to a royal welcome by his parents. Subsequently the
y left for London the next year and remained there until World War I was over. Returning back in India in 1919, Allama Sahib had to cope with the death of his father and searched for a suitable appointment.
Practical Life
The British offered the young Barrister the post of Civil Judge of Tando Mohammad Khan. He was later sent as District and Sessions Judge Khairpur. He was appointed Home Member of the State also, but not happy with the British policy towards the States, he left Khairpur and took up the post of Public Prosecutor Tharparkar. He proceeded on leave and resigned that post too from London in 1931.
The couple returned to India in 1935 at the persistent requests of His Highness the Mir of Khairpur. The Anjuman Tabligh Islam nominated him as their President but upset over the quarrelling amongst the Ulema or religious scholars, the couple left again for England in October 1935.
After returning home in 1938, Allama Sahib regularly delivered Friday prayer sermons at Sir Leslie Wilson Muslim Hostel, now known as Jinnah Courts opposite the D. J. Sindh College Karachi. Amongst his listeners were students who later rose to be government ministers, judges of the superior judiciary, renowned scholars and civil servants. Incidentally, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad also attended some of his sermons.
In an effort to earn his livelihood or Rizq-i-Halal, Allama Sahib experimented with a poultry farm and a dairy farm but both failed. The British Government meanwhile entrusted to his care wards from jagirdar or major land-owning families such as Akbar Bugti and Mir Sunder Khan Sunderani who had the good fortune of receiving schooling and training directly from Allama Sahib.
Allama Sahib left for England in 1947 but returned to take up the job of Vice Chancellor of the Sindh University in 1951. Till that time the university, which had been in existence since April 1947 was serving as an examining body only. Upon the appointment of Prof. A B A Haleem as Vice Chancellor of the Karachi University, Allama Sahib was requested to take over the Sindh University. He accepted the position more in his keenness to disseminate education in Sindh, and went about his work with great zeal.
At that time only five colleges and thirty-four high schools were affiliated with Sindh University. Karachi having become the Capital territory, the headquarters of Sindh were shifted to Hyderabad. Very soon the university was converted into a full-fledged centre for higher education that was awarding Masters and Doctoral degrees in its various faculties and disciplines. The first teaching faculty of Education started working as early as September 1951. Within four years, the grant of the University was increased from Rs. 100,000 to Rs. 500,000 upon Allama Sahib insistence with the then Governor, Justice Din Muhammad in 1955. Allama Sahib continued his practice of Friday sermons to the staff and students of his beloved university. He...(and so on)
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Caliche (mineral) for Mineral Water Plants
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Caliche Forest on San Miguel Island.
Caliche is a sedimentary rock, a hardened deposit of calcium carbonate. This calcium carbonate cements together other materials, including gravel, sand, clay, and silt. It is found in aridisol and mollisol soil orders. Caliche occurs worldwide, generally in arid or semi-arid regions, including in central and western Australia, in the Kalahari Desert, in the High Plains of the western USA, and in the Sonoran Desert. Caliche is also known as hardpan, calcrete, kankar (in India), or duricrust. The term caliche is Spanish and is originally from the Latin calx, meaning lime.
Caliche is generally light colored but can range from white to light pink to reddish-brown, depending on the impurities present. It is generally found on or near the surface, but it can be found in deeper subsoil deposits as well. The layers can vary from a few inches to feet thick, and multiple layers can exist in a single location.
In northern Chile and Peru, caliche also refers to mineral deposits that include nitrate salts. Caliche can also refer to various clayey deposits in Mexico and Colombia. In addition, it has been used to describe some forms of quartzite, bauxite, kaolinite, laterite, chalcedony, opal, and soda niter.
A similar material, composed of calcium sulfate rather than calcium carbonate, is called gypcrust or gypcrete ("Gyp-Crete" is also a trademarked brand name).
Contents
1 How it forms
2 Examples of natural occurrence
3 Economic uses
3.1 Building applications
3.2 Sugar refining
3.3 Chilean Caliche
4 Caliche and Gardening
4.1 Problems caused by Caliche
4.2 Fixing these problems
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
//
How it forms
Caliche generally forms when minerals are leached from the upper layer of the soil (the A horizon) and accumulate in the next layer (the B horizon), at depths of approximately 3 to 10 feet under the surface. Caliche generally consists of carbonates in semiarid regions, while in arid regions, less soluble minerals will form caliche layers after all the carbonates have been leached from the soil. The calcium carbonate that is deposited accumulates, first forming grains, then small clumps, then a discernible layer, and finally a thicker, solid bed. As the caliche layer forms, the layer gradually becomes deeper, eventually moving into the parent material, which lies under the upper soil horizons.
However, caliche can also form in other ways. It can form when water rises through capillary action. In an arid region, rainwater will sink into the ground very quickly. Later, as the surface dries out, the water below the surface will rise, carrying dissolved minerals from lower layers upward with it. This water movement forms a caliche that tends to grow thinner and branch out as it nears the surface. Plants can contribute to the formation of caliche as well. The plant roots take up water through transpiration, leaving behind the dissolved calcium carbonate, which precipitates to form caliche. Caliche can also form on outcrops of porous rocks or in rock fissures where water is trapped and evaporates. In general, caliche deposition is a slow process, but if enough moisture is present in an otherwise arid site, it can accumulate fast enough to block a drain pipe.
Examples of natural occurrence
While the formation of other caliches is relatively well understood, the origin of Chilean caliche is not clearly known. One possibility is that the deposits were formed when a prehistoric inland sea evaporated. Another theory is that it was deposited due to weathering of the Andes.
One of the world's largest deposits of calcrete is in the Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana where surface calcretes occur at the location of a now desiccated prehistoric lake.
Caliche - Sedimentary Rock Ridgecrest Kern County California
Economic uses
Building applications
Caliche (the Calcium carbonate mineral) is used in construction worldwide. The caliche reserves in the Llano Estacado in Texas can be used in the manufacture of Portland cement; the caliche meets the chemical composition requirements and has been used as a principal raw material in Portland cement production in at least one Texas plant. Where the calcium carbonate content is over 80%, caliche can also be fired and used as a source of lime in areas, which can then be used for soil stabilization.
When mixed with small amounts of either pozzolan or Portland cement, caliche can also be used as a building material that will exceed the building code requirements for unfired masonry materials. For example, caliche was used to build some of the Mayan buildings in the Yucat Peninsula in Mexico. A dormitory in Ingram, Texas and a demonstration building in Carrizo Springs, Texas for the United States Department of Energy were...(and so on)
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Mess kit for Stainless Steel Mugs
I want to introduct something about perfume bottle.
Terms of Payment: T/T Supply Ability: 200000 Piece/Pieces per Month Minimum Order: 10000 Piece/Pieces Packaging: Carton Delivery Lead Time: 35 materials: glass, plastic and alumina packing details: 112bottles/ctn; 800caps/ctn; 5000pumps/ctn; Screw mouth and Crimp mouth both are available materials:glass, plastic and alumina packing details:112bottles/ctn; 800caps/ctn; 5000pumps/ctn;
For military uniforms for formal occasions, see Mess dress.
A mess kit is a collection of silverware and cookware used during camping and backpacking, as well as extended military campaigns.
Contents
1 Civilian camping mess kit
2 Military mess kit
2.1 American mess kit
2.2 German/Japanese mess kit
2.3 Soviet/Russian mess kit
2.4 Swedish mess kit
2.5 Swiss mess kit
2.6 British Mess Kit
//
Civilian camping mess kit
A civilian mess kit, which may serve from one person to a family of eight, is a collection of common kitchen wares designed to be lightweight and easy to store. Such kits are typically constructed from aluminum, though enameled steel is also common, and some items (such as cutlery or plates) may be made of plastic. A civilian mess kit usually contains (among other items) a skillet, a kettle (which may also serve as a coffee pot), a plate, a cup, and cutlery. Kits usually come with either folding handles or a detachable handle which can be used with other cookware. Items are stored compactly by nesting them in other components (like a Russian doll); the whole kit is placed in a stuff sack.
Kits vary in size depending on how many people they are designed to serve and under what circumstances. A kit designed to serve a family traveling to a camp site by vehicle includes items of about the same size and weight as their domestic counterparts, but a kit for individual backpacking trips is much more compact the items are smaller, lighter, and serve several purposes (a pot lid might double as a pan or skillet, for example). Items for backpacking may also be constructed of more expensive materials, such as titanium, to further save weight.
Mess kits of almost any type may also include, or be complemented by, sierra cups (also known as sierra mugs). These are compact drinking or eating vessels, usually no more than 10 cm (4 inches) wide and 5 cm (2 inches) deep. They are conical in shape, wider at the top, and typically constructed of stamped aluminum or stainless steel, with a looped wire handle. They may also be constructed of plastic, though this is less common, as sierra cups may also be used directly over a heat source for cooking. Their size varies remarkably little from manufacturer to manufacturer. This, in combination with their conical shape, allows them to be nested inside one another to save space.
Military mess kit
Armed Forces of the Philippines mess kit similar to US military mess kits
Open mess kit contains skillet, food tray, canteen and cup
While functionally similar to a one-person civilian mess kit, military mess kits are designed to be even more compact, using their space as efficiently as possible. Thus lids will almost always be used for preparing, cooking, and/or eating, and usually come in two or three pieces. As such, it may sacrifice certain features, or use other features to complement it.
When in a large camp, it is common for soldiers to use either normal dining wares, or a multi-compartment mess tray that's similar to a TV Dinner's tray, but much larger.
American mess kit
There are two factors that affect the American Army's mess kit's design. First, a small camp traditionally uses skillets to cook food quickly. Second, soldiers usually eat field rations, such as C-rations in the past and MRE in the present, both only needed to be re-heated; as such, they do not need deep containers to cook stews or rice.
Thus, the flat-oval mess kit is split along the length of the side, creating two halves: The deeper halves forms a deep oval skillet, which has a folding handle that curves near the end into a latch. The shallow end forms a two-compartment lid-plate, where the center divide is wide in enough so that on the inverse side, the folding handle can be placed. The plate also has a very secure ring that is held in place by friction.
During storage, the lid is placed on top of the skillet, the folding handle is folded over the inverse side of the plate's center divide, and latched onto the edge of the skillet. Lastly, the lid-plate is secured further by folding the lid's ring toward the center of the mess kit, which locks onto another latch on the lid; this make the mess kit flat. When in use, each piece may be used individually, or, as typically used (since soldiers in a company often cook together), by sliding the lid-plate's center divider onto the folding handle, and securing it to the handle by the same ring and latch mechanisms, forming a three-compartment mess tray. The soldiers can use the skillet to cook raw food, though it is just deep enough for some stew or rice cooking. It is more commonly used to heat and contain C-rations or MREs.
To complement the mess kit, soldiers can use the specially molded cup that fits over the bottom of the Army's standard one-quart (950 ml) canteen for...(and so on)
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Boardsport for surf skate board
I want to introduct something about SOFT EXPANDER.
Model No: SCE01P(7x10) SOFT EXPANDER Description: *SIZE: 7x10x1000mm *1PC/DOUBLE BLISTER(60PCS/CTN) *SIZE: 52x28x41CM
Boardsports are sports that are played with some sort of board as the primary equipment. Surfing, first mastered in the Pacific islands, was the first board sport. Eventually, it was expanded to land applications, often with the addition of wheels. Many board sports are classified as action sports or extreme sports, and thus often appeal to youth. Board sports have had a history of being dangerous, "punk" or reckless, and thus were marginalized in the sports community. However, many board sports have gained mainstream recognition, and with this recognition have enjoyed wider broadcast, sponsorship and inclusion in institutional sporting events, including the Olympic Games.
Surfing was the first boardsport, or the mother of the other boardsports, originating from the Polynesian culture. Skateboarding was then invented by surfing looking to "surf" on land. Snowboarding came around when surfers and skaters were looking to board on the snow. Wakeboarding was invented by people so that they could get towed in snowboard fashion behind a boat in the same relation as waterskiing to alpine skiing. Mountainboarding was then invented by snowboarders who wanted to keep riding on the piste even after the snow had gone.
One can calculate, using estimations for the numbers participating in certain individual boardsports (30 million skaters, 25 million surfers and 15 million snowboaders), that there are approximately 100 million people participating in these sports. That is if you do not take into consideration people doing more than one of these sports each, which of course, in reality, is highly likely.
Contents
1 Classifications
1.1 Water
1.2 Land
1.3 Snow
1.4 Sand
1.5 Air
2 See also
//
Classifications
There are a variety of board sports, which are characterized by terrain:
Water
Surfing
The grandfather of all board sports, is a surface water sport that involves the participant being carried by a breaking wave.
Windsurfing
Also known as sailboarding. A water sport involving travel over water on a small 2-4.7 meter board powered by wind acting on a single sail. The sail is connected to the board by a flexible joint
Bodyboarding
Wave riding consisting of a small, roughly rectangular piece of foam, shaped to a hydrodynamic form. The bodyboard is ridden predominantly lying down, (or 'prone'). It can also be ridden in a half-standing stance (known as 'dropknee') or can even be ridden standing up.
Wakeboarding
A surface watersport created from a combination of water skiing, snow boarding and surfing techniques. As in water skiing, the rider is towed behind a boat, or a cable skiing setup.
Skurfing
Another fast growing boardsport is skurfing a mix of surfing and more conventional water sports in which the participant is towed behind the boat.
Kneeboarding
A discipline of surfing where the rider paddles on his belly into a wave on a kneeboard, then rides the wave face typically on both knees.
Kiteboarding
Involves using a power kite to pull a small surfboard, or wakeboard on water. Other variations are to use a wheeled board or buggy on land, or skis or a snowboard on snow.
Skimboarding
A discipline of surfing involving riding a board on wet sand or shallow water. Not usually competitive, it is considered a miscellaneous beach recreation activity.
Riverboarding
A boardsport in which the participant is prone on the board with fins on his/her feet for propulsion and steering
Flowboarding
Similar to surfing but done on a man-made artificial sheet wave.
Land
Skateboarding
Uses a board mounted on wheels, and often ridden on a "half-pipe" or in urban settings. Some of the most famous skateboarders, and early pioneers of the sport are Rodney Mullen and Tony Hawk.
Streetboarding
Similar to a skateboarding, but also influenced heavily by snowboarding.
Mountainboarding
Similar to snowboarding, but on snow-less peaks (in between winter seasons). The board is wider and sturdier. Mountainboarding is similar to skateboarding in the way that mountainbiking is similar to regular biking.
Kite landboarding
Similar to Kite Surfing but the kite is used to pull the rider along flat ground (often a hard packed sandy beach) on a mountainboard.
Pineboarding
A recreational activity in which a participant rides down the pine-needle-covered slopes of pine forests on a skateboard deck (without trucks or wheels).
Rope boarding
Uses a board hanging from a rope, ridden by swinging through the air, and landing on elevated platforms of launching off the tree it hangs from.
Freebording
Often said to be the board who's feel is the most similar to snowboarding. There are two extra castor wheels in the middle of...(and so on)
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Outer space for Solar Floating Lights
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Skycenter technology hk, co., ltd who is a manufactory, are special produce 1: 1w 3w 5w 10w high power spot light, like: , mr16 gu10 e27 b22 par38. 2: 1w 3w 5w 10w 50w high power led, . Lcd, led lighting, diod led, lamps, 3: 1w 3w high powe led flashlight 4, the oem of led simi-finished and finished lighting product 5: The manufactory of kinds of lighting product
The boundaries between the Earth's surface and outer space, at the Km line, 100 km (62 mi) & exosphere at 690 km (430 mi).
Outer space (often called space) comprises the relatively empty regions of the universe outside the atmospheres of celestial bodies. Outer space is used to distinguish it from airspace and terrestrial locations. There is no clear boundary between Earth's atmosphere and space as the density of the atmosphere gradually decreases as the altitude increases. Nevertheless, the Fation Aonautique Internationale has established the Km line at an altitude of 100kilometres (62mi) as a working definition for the boundary between aeronautics and astronautics. This is used because above an altitude of roughly 100kilometres (62mi), as Theodore von Km calculated, a vehicle would have to travel faster than orbital velocity in order to derive sufficient aerodynamic lift from the atmosphere to support itself. The United States designates people who travel above an altitude of 50miles (80km) as astronauts. During re-entry, roughly 120kilometres (75mi) marks the boundary where atmospheric drag be
comes noticeable, depending on the ballistic coefficient of the vehicle.
Contrary to popular understanding, outer space is not completely empty (i.e. a perfect vacuum), but contains a low density of particles, predominantly hydrogen plasma, as well as electromagnetic radiation. Hypothetically, it also contains dark matter and dark energy.
The term outer space was first recorded by H. G. Wells in his novel First Men in the Moon in 1901. The shorter term space is actually older, first used to mean the region beyond Earth's sky in John Milton's Paradise Lost in 1667.
Contents
1 Environment
2 Space versus orbit
3 Regions
3.1 Geospace
3.2 Interplanetary
3.3 Interstellar
3.4 Intergalactic
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
//
Environment
See also: Space exposure
Outer space is the closest natural approximation of a perfect vacuum. It has effectively no friction, allowing stars, planets and moons to move freely along ideal gravitational trajectories. But no vacuum is truly perfect, not even in intergalactic space where there are still a few hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter. (For comparison, the air we breathe contains about 1019 molecules per cubic centimeter.) The deep vacuum of space could make it an attractive environment for certain industrial processes, for instance those that require ultraclean surfaces;
Stars, planets, asteroids, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 1 Pa at 100kilometres (62mi) of altitude, the Km line which is a common definition of the boundary with outer space. Beyond this line, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar wind, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to space weather. Astrophysicists prefer to use number density to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre.
All of the observable universe is filled with large numbers of photons, the so-called cosmic background radiation, and quite likely a correspondingly large number of neutrinos. The current temperature of this radiation is about 3K (?270.15; ?454.27).
Contrary to popular belief, a person suddenly exposed to the vacuum would not explode, freeze to death or die from boiling blood, but would take a short while to die by asphyxiation (suffocation). Air would immediately leave the lungs due to the enormous pressure gradient. Any oxygen dissolved in the blood would empty into the lungs to try to equalize the partial pressure gradient. Once the deoxygenated blood arrives at the brain, death would quickly follow.
Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes. Blood and other body fluids do boil when their pressure drops below 6.3 kPa, the vapor pressure of water at body temperature. This condition is called ebullism. The steam may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation, but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture. Ebullism is slowed by the pressure containment of blood vessels, so some blood remains liquid. Swelling and ebullism can be reduced by containment in a flight suit. Shuttle astronauts wear a fitted elastic garment called the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) which prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 2 kPa. Water vapor would also rapidly evaporate off from exposed areas...(and so on)
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Premixed soft drink for soft carbonated drinks
I want to introduct something about 0. 50 Lt Pet Bottle Spring Water.
0. 50 Liter Pet bottled dirinkable water. Natural Spring water, produced and bottled under 100% hygyenic conditions. The packing is utmost hygienic and carried out on the latest technology basis in Pet bottles of various volume levels, without the touch of human hand.
(Redirected from Premix)
A premixed soft drink, also known as a premix, is a type of soft drink that is distributed ready to drink, in contrast to the more common post mix machines, which combine soda syrup and carbonated water at the time the drink is dispensed.
History
In the 1960s, soda fountains were refilled similarly to the way propane stations are filled. A fully carbonated ready to drink batch of soda known as a premix was transferred into large tanks and distributed under pressure.
Carbonation tester
This Premixed Soft Drink Carbonation Tester is constructed of tempered glass and stainless steel with a quick connect on the bottom, and a 100 psi gauge and a relief valve on the top. Used in the 1960s to check the pressure of premixed soft drinks before shipping them off in 5 gallon tanks by truck, it is operated by connecting the tank to the quick connect, bleeding off gas to allow the glass to fill and then shaking it up. The pressure is then read from the gauge.
At the soda plant, a quality control manager would periodically check the carbonation level on one or more of the 5 gallon pressurized tanks before they were sent out by truck to refill a soda fountain. An antique manual soda tester from that era is shown here.
Categories: Soft drinks(and so on)
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Machine Robo Mugenbine for mini excavator parts
I want to introduct something about Large Format Inkjet Printer.
Specifications: 1) Printhead: piezo head Spectra-256LQ 2) Number of printhead: 4 heads 3) Maximum print width: 3,190mm (125.98") 4) Print speed: a) Draft: 63.30sqm/h b) Standard: 36.00sqm/h c) High quality: 18.00sqm/h 5) Ink type: solvent ink 6) Ink color: cyan, magenta, yellow, black 7) Ink capacity: 1,000ml per main tank, 1F each color 8) Ink supply system: low ink detector, auto or manual ink supply system 9) Media width: 3,300mm (129.92") 10) Media type: vinyl, window film, polyester, flex, roll media or sheet media 11) Auto media feeding system: equipped (take-up system optional) 12) Auto cleaning system: anti-clogged flash function 13) Pre-heat and dry system: equipped 14) Clamp: equipped 15) Print interface: USB2.0 16) Printhead height: 2 to 4mm above, adjustable 13) RIP software: Infiniti RIP or others 14) Power supply: 100-240V, 50Hz/60Hz 15) Machine dimensions: 4,500 x 850 x 1,280mm Packing:
(Redirected from Mugenbine)
The current logo of the Machine Robo Mugenbine toyline.
Machine Robo Mugenbine (???????????? ?) is a Japanese transforming robot toyline first released in 2004 by Bandai. Designed by PLEX, Mugenbine is the successor of the Machine Robo line of shape-changing toys.
Contents
1 About Mugenbine
1.1 Core Figures
2 Toylist
2.1 Mugen Gattai Series
2.2 Base Series
2.3 Engine Series
2.4 Build Gattai Series
2.5 Candy Toy Series
3 Storyline
4 Trivia
5 See also
6 External links
7 References
//
About Mugenbine
Mugenbine is a term derived from the words mugen, Japanese for 'infinite', and the English word 'combine', which is the theme for the series. Rather than the traditional shape changing method of previous figures, Mugenbine uses numerous interlocking pegs and sockets to attach and remove components and relocate them in order to form different modes. While all figures have at least two official alternate modes and most have official combinations with one to three other figures, the concept of the line is to allow you to assemble your own animal and machine creations and build your own robots of various size and numbers of sets, an activity encouraged by Bandai to the point where figures with no official combiner modes come with larger head parts to help create your own.
Core Figures
The majority of the series consists of figures called Mugenroids, basic block-proportioned figures that can contort and fold into various shapes, most notably a perfect cube, to form the core of its various modes. While they generally look identical aside from color scheme, each Mugenroid has a different head sculpt. Most sets come with six to ten components called "bine parts" that attach via the many pegs and holes on the Mugenroid, as well as on each other, to create other forms. At first, each figure featured an animal and vehicle mode only, but later sets expanded to include larger robot modes as well, and some even later sets did away with the vehicle mode. As the toyline expanded, new cores were created. Most notable is the Turboroid, which can't bend as many ways as its predecessor, but already has wheels attached to help form vehicle modes and included completely unique heads that could rotate. Others used no core figure at all, instead coming with a Mugen Engine tha
t allows spinning gimmicks. Later figures use new core bots called Buildroids that are formed from parts themselves and feature small pilot figures called Roiders.
Toylist
Mugen Gattai Series
The basic series of toys are referred to as Mugen Gattai (fusion) figures. The initial release of these figures came alphabetically, as well as having most Mugenroids feature a matching letter on the side of their head. This initial series is often called the Letter series or Alphabet series for these reasons. The toyline is known for running themes for its figures. The toys Teiouryu, Uzumakidori, Wanrikiguma, and Yuutenma were called Ridebines, as their vehicle modes don't require the Mugenroid to form its core, rather the parts formed a vehicle for the Mugenroid to ride on. The figures Quest Knight, Save Gunman, and Razor Ninja were referred to in commercials as the Three Musketeers and are designed after historical warrior types, a knight, a cowboy, and a ninja respectively. The various dinosaur figures, likewise, were considered their own subgroup. The series also introduced deluxe figures, figures much larger than usual Mugenbine sets. These included Victory Leon, an upg
rade of Air Leon, and Zord Elephant, who came with an upscaled Mugenroid.
Name
Animal
Machine
Robot?
Combiner
Air Leon
Lion
Jet
No
Mugen General 3, Mugen General 5, Mugen General 7
Build Giraffe
Giraffe
Crane
No
Mugen General 3, Mugen General 5, Mugen General 7
Carry Eagle
Eagle
Pickup Truck
No
Mugen General 3, Mugen General 5, Mugen General 7
Dig Kong
Gorilla
Excavator
No
Mugen Kaiser 4, Mugen General 5, Mugen General 7
Evo Rhinoce
Rhinoceros
Tunnel Driller
No
Mugen Kaiser 4, Mugen General 5, Mugen General 7
Fang Tiger1
Tiger
Jet
No
Mugen Kaiser 4, Mugen General 7
Galaxy Rex
Tyrannosaurus
Shuttle w/ Rockets
No
Mugen Dino Double2
Heat Tricera
Triceratops
Locomotive
No
Mugen Dino Double
Iron Beetle
Rhino Beetle
VTOL
No
Mugen Sector
Junk Stag
Stag Beetle
Bulldozer
No
Mugen Sector
Kaiser Condor1
Condor
Dump Truck
No
Mugen Kaiser 4
Launcher Saurus
Tyrannosaurus
Space Shuttle
No
w/ Mugen Fire and Mugen Police
Mach...(and so on)
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Engineering vehicle for Concrete Truck Mixers
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An excavator. The bucket is raked toward the machine to create a trench or pit. The lower jaw "thumb" enables large objects to be moved and 'grabbing' building components during demolition. Most excavators have the bucket fitted without the thumb attachment
Front loader
Grader (plowing snow here)
Military scraper
Landfill compactor (tamping tip)
Combat engineering vehicle
A wheeled front loader at work. This wheeled tractor is equipped with a large bucket, which can be raised or lowered by hydraulic arms.
Engineering vehicles are heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction (Civil engineering) tasks, most frequently, ones involving earth moving. They are also known as construction equipment, earth movers, heavy equipment or just plain equipment. They usually comprise five equipment systems: implement, traction, structure, power train, control and information . Through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied. Currently most equipment use hydraulics as a primary source of transferring power. The use of heavy equipment has a long history. Vitruvius a 1st century B.C. engineer gives detailed descriptions of Roman heavy equipment and Roman cranes in his treatise De Architectura.
Contents
1 Types
2 Implements and Hydromechanical Work Tools
3 Traction: Off-the-road tires and Tracks
4 Structure
5 Power train
6 Control and Information
7 Equipment operators
8 Equipment Cost
9 Models
10 Manufacturers
11 References
//
Types
In the following, the generic "Dump truck" appears several times by more technical names by "type" or application, such as "Highway 10yard rear dump" or off-road varieties like "Construction & mining trucks". The Engineering vehicles Category partially replicates this generic list and contains specific equipment models not contained here.
Aerial work platform / Lift table
Air-track
Agricultural tractors
Articulated hauler
Articulated truck
Asphalt paver
Asphalt plant
Backhoe loader, Backhoe
Boomtruck
Bulldozer
Cherry picker
Cold planer
Combat engineering vehicle
Compact excavator
Concrete batch plant
Construction & mining tractor
Construction & mining trucks
Crane
Cure rig
Dragline excavator
Dredging
Drilling machine
Excavator (wheel)
Excavator (bagger, digger)
Feller buncher
Forklift truck
Forklift
Fresno scraper
Front shovel
Harvester
Highway 10 yard rear dump
Highway bottom dump (stiff), pup (belly train), triple
Highway end dump and side dump
Highway transfer, Transfer train
Highway transit-mixer
Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount) & Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount)
Lowboy (trailer)
Motor grader (grader)
Pile driver
Pipelayer
Pneumatic tire compactor, Compactor
Reclaimer & Soil stabilizer
Roadheader
Roller (road roller, roller compactor), Compactor
Rotary tiller (rototiller, rotovator)
Scraper
Skid steer loader
Skidder
Skip loader (skippy)
Slipform paver
Soil stabilizer
Steam shovel
Stomper
Street sweeper
Telescopic handlers
Track harvester
Track loader
Track skidder
Track-type tractors (Bulldozer)
Tractor
Trencher (machine)
Tunnel boring machine
Underground mining equipment
Venturi-mixer
Vibratory compactor, Compactor
Water wagon
Wheel dozers soil compactors
Wheel forwarder
Wheel loader (front loader, integrated tool carrier)
Wheel skidder
Wheel tractor-scraper
Yarder
Implements and Hydromechanical Work Tools
backhoe
thumb
hydraulic hammer, Hoe ram
vibratory plate compactor
demolition shears
sheeps foot compactor
clam shell bucket
pile driver
grapple
excavator bucket
equipment bucket
pavement removal bucket
skeleton bucket
hydraulic tilting bucket (4-in-1)
material handling arm
forks
hydraulics
cold plane
multi processor
broom
power take-off (PTO)
quick coupler
rake
ripper
bulldozer blade
landscape tiller
mechanical pulverizer, crusher
rotating grab
snow blower
stump grinder
stump shear
auger
tiltrotator
trencher
bale spear
wheel saw
Traction: Off-the-road tires and Tracks
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SA1582 Bidirectional DC Motor Driver for Disk Tray Motion Application: Electric Toy Type: Drive IC Company Info The SA1582 is a monolithic IC of driving bi-directional DC motor with braking and speed control. It can be drove the loading motor driver of CDP, VCR, and TOY etc. By changing the voltage of the two logic input pins, the chip can control the motors forward/reverse and braking. And it is also easy to adjust the speed of motor by changing the voltage of the speed control pin. Send a message directly to this member Application: Electric Toy Type: Drive IC
Reflections in a spherical convex mirror. The photographer is seen reflected at top right
A curved mirror is a mirror with a curved reflective surface, which may be either convex (bulging outward) or concave (bulging inward). Most curved mirrors have surfaces that are shaped like part of a sphere,[citation needed] but other shapes are sometimes used in optical devices. The most common non-spherical type are parabolic reflectors, found in optical devices such as reflecting telescopes that need to image distant objects, since spherical mirror systems suffer from spherical aberration.
Contents
1 Convex mirror
1.1 Image
1.2 Uses
2 Concave mirrors
2.1 Image
3 Mirror shape
4 Analysis
4.1 Mirror equation and magnification
4.2 Ray tracing
4.3 Ray transfer matrix of spherical mirrors
5 External links
//
Convex mirror
A convex mirror diagram showing the focus, focal Length, centre of curvature, principal axis, etc
A convex mirror, fish eye mirror or diverging mirror, is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges toward the light source. Convex mirrors reflect light outwards, therefore they are not used to focus light. Such mirrors always form a virtual image, since the focus F and the centre of curvature 2F are both imaginary points "inside" the mirror, which cannot be reached. Therefore images formed by these mirror cannot be taken on screen. (As they are inside the mirror)
A collimated (parallel) beam of light diverges (spreads out) after reflection from a convex mirror, since the normal to the surface differs with each spot on the mirror.
Image
Convex mirror image formation
The image is always virtual (rays haven't actually passed though the image), diminished (smaller), and upright . These features make convex mirrors very useful: everything appears smaller in the mirror, so they cover a wider field of view than a normal plane mirror does as the image is "compressed".
Uses
Convex mirror lets motorists see around a corner.
The passenger-side mirror on a car is typically a convex mirror. In some countries, these are labelled with the safety warning "Objects in mirror are closer than they appear", to warn the driver of the convex mirror's distorting effects on distance perception.
Convex mirrors are used in some automated teller machines as a simple and handy security feature, allowing the users to see what is happening behind them. Similar devices are sold to be attached to ordinary computer monitors.
Camera phones use convex mirrors to allow the user correctly aim the camera while taking a self-portrait.
Properties of convex mirror can be found in objects not specifically designed for this purpose, such as some thumb tacks, Christmas baubles and even sunglasses.
Concave mirrors
A concave mirror diagram showing the focus, focal Length, centre of curviture, principal axis, etc.
A concave mirror, or converging mirror, has a reflecting surface that bulges inward (away from the incident light). Concave mirrors reflect light inward to one focal point, therefore they are used to focus light. Unlike convex mirrors, concave mirrors show different types of image depending on the distance between the object and the mirror itself.
These mirrors are called "converging" because they tend to collect light that falls on them, refocusing parallel incoming rays toward a focus. This is because the light is reflected at different angles, since the normal to the surface differs with each spot on the mirror.
Image
Effect on image of object's position relative to mirror focal point
Object's position (S),focal point (F)
Image
Diagram
S < F(Object between focal point and mirror)
Virtual
Upright
Magnified (larger)
S = F(Object at focal point)
the image is formed at infinity.
(Note that the reflected light rays are parallel and do not meet the others. In this way, no image is formed or more properly the image is formed at infinity.)
F < S < 2F(Object at 2x focal point)
Real
Inverted (vertically)
Magnified (larger)
S = 2F
Real
Inverted (vertically)
Same size
S > 2F
Real
Inverted (vertically)
Diminished (smaller)
Mirror shape
Most curved mirrors have a spherical profile. These are the simplest to make, and it is the best shape for general-purpose use. Spherical mirrors, however, suffer from spherical aberration. Parallel rays reflected from such mirrors do not focus to a single point. For parallel rays, such as those coming from a very distant object, a parabolic reflector can do a better job. Such a mirror can focus incoming parallel rays to a much smaller spot than a spherical mirror can.
See...(and so on)
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DTV Receiver for TV Tuner Receiver
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A USB digital TV receiver with its antenna
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into digital television adapter. (Discuss)
A DTV receiver is a set-top box that permits the reception of Digital television. Its components are very similar to a desktop PC. The DTV receiver is a vital link in the chain of television system. The goal of a broadcasting system is to concentrate the hardware requirements at the source to simplify the receivers and makes it as inexpensive as possible.
It is usually connected to the TV set or incorporated in the TV set. The main features of a DTV receiver may be classified as follows:
decodes the incoming digital signal;
verifies access rights and security levels;
displays cinema quality pictures on the TV set;
outputs digital surround sound;
processes and renders Internet and interactive TV services.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Architecture
2.1 System board
2.2 DTV Tuner
2.3 Modulator and demodulator
2.4 Demultiplexer and Decryptor
2.5 Decoders
2.6 Central Processing Unit
2.7 Memory
3 See also
4 References
//
Overview
Basically, the tuner in the box receives a digital signal from a cable, a satellite, or terrestrial network and isolates a particular channel. The signal is then forwarded to a demodulator and converted to binary format. Once in binary format, the demodulator will check for error and forward the binary signal to a demultiplexer that will extract audio, video, and data from the binary stream. Once the demultiplexer has finished with the signal, the decoders will transform the digital bits bits into a format suitable for viewing on the television set.
As the architecture of a DTV receiver can vary in function of the network operator or the set-box manufacturer, we have chosen to divide the physical components into the following categories:
system board,
tuner,
modulator and demodulator,
demultiplexer and decryptor,
decoders,
graphics processor,
CPU and memory,
storage devices,
physical interfaces,
physical carcteristics.
Architecture
System board
All the main hardware components of the receiver are connected to the system board. Buses are used to carry the digital TV information between the hardware components.
DTV Tuner
The Digital tuner module is available for accessing QAM-, OFDM, and QPSK-based networks. In addition to receiving inputs from digital networks, most tuners are also capable of tunng analog broadcasts. Tuners can divided into three broad categories:
Broadcast In-band (IB) Tuner. Once the signal arrives from the physical transmission media, the IB tuner will isolate a physical from a multiplex of channels and convert to baseband. The term baseband is used used to describe a single channelor digital signal, extracted from broadband signal which is basically a stream of multiple channels.
ut Of Band (OOB) Tuner. This type of tuner facilitates the transfer of data between the head-end systems and the set-box. They are widely used in cable set-top boxes for providing subscribers with medley of interactive services. Implementations of the OOB tuner tend to operate within 100 to 350 MHz frequency band.
eturn Path Tuner. This tuner allows a subscriber to activate the return of path and send data back to the interactive services provider. Implementations of this tuner tend to operate within the 5 to 60 MHz frequency band.
Modulator and demodulator
The function of the demmodulator is to convert the analog signal to a digital bitstream. Then, it checks for errors and forward the bitstream to the demultiplexer. The modulator reverses the actions of a demodulator and its function is to deliver a signal to the return path tuner.
Demultiplexer and Decryptor
The technology used in DTV television is MPEG-2. The demultiplexer selects particular packets, decrypts, and forwards to a specific decoder.
Decoders
A DTV receiver will normally contain three separate decoders for converting the digital bit-stream back into a format that can be heard and viewed by the subscriber.
video decoder. It transforms video packets into a sequence of pictures, which are displayed by the TV monitor. audio decoder. It decompresses the audio bit-stream. Different audio modes are usually supported by the DTV receiver: mono and dual channel, stereo, and joint stereo. A data decoder.
raphics Processor
The main purpose of a graphics processor is to render a range of Internet file formats and proprietary interactive TV file formats.
Central Processing Unit
The CPU, like in a desktop PC, is the brain of the DTV receiver. Functions provided by a CPU include:
initializes the various hardware components; ...(and so on)
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Air Traffic Controller (video game) for video game controlle...
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I Am an Air Traffic Controller (???????? ,Boku wa Koukuu Kanseikan?) is a simulation computer game series that simulates the operation of an airport developed by TechnoBrain.
Initially released as a computer game, there has also been three PSP versions, a Game Boy Advance and a Nintendo DS version.
The games simulate the job of an air traffic controller. The player's mission is to direct planes onto the correct ILS, land them on the correct runway, taxi them to the correct gate, and take off on the correct runway as fast as possible.
Air Traffic Controller was released in Japan in July, 1998. Air Traffic Controller 2, its sequel, was released in 2005.
Air Traffic Controller
Airports Featured: Miyazaki Airport, Hiroshima-Nishi Airport, Matsuyama Airport, Osaka International Airport, Nagoya Airfield and Tokyo International Airport.
Air Traffic Controller Power Up Kit 1
Airports Featured: Saga Airport, Fukuoka Airport and Komatsu Airport.
Air Traffic Controller Power Up Kit 1 Value Pack
Airports Featured: ATC + Power Kit 1
Air Traffic Controller Power Up Kit 2
Airports Featured: Kansai International Airport, Narita International Airport and New Chitose Airport.
Air Traffic Controller Power Up Kit 2 Value Pack
Airports Featured: ATC + Power Kit 2
Air Traffic Controller Power Up Kit 3
Airports Featured: None.
Air Traffic Controller Complete
Airports Featured: ATC + Power Kit 1 + Power Kit 2
Contents
1 Air Traffic Controller 2
1.1 Tokyo: BigWing A (Alpha)
1.2 Tokyo: BigWing B (Bravo)
1.3 Kagoshima Island Control
1.4 Komatsu Base Aviation Festival
1.5 Narita: Gate of Japan
1.6 Tokyo: BigWing Complete
1.7 Nagoya: Jumble Airport
1.8 Narita: Star Light Airways
1.9 Okinawa: A Wake on the Southward Raise
1.10 Sendai: First Flight, First Control
1.11 Chitose: SnowScape
1.12 Kansai: Cross Over Area
1.13 Fukuoka: Oriental Wings
1.14 Tokyo: BigWing Duel Site
1.15 Osaka: InterCity Airport
1.16 Narita: Complete
1.17 Centrair International Airport
1.18 Kansai: Brightly Path
2 Air Traffic Controller 3
3 Airport Hero Trilogy for PSP
4 Air Traffic Controller for Nintendo DS
5 Notes and references
6 External links
//
Air Traffic Controller 2
Tokyo: BigWing A (Alpha)
Airport: Tokyo International Airport
Release Date: 2001
Airlines: Japan Airlines, All Nippon Airways, Skymark Airlines, Hokkaido International Airlines, Japan Air System (Before merger with Japan Airlines), Japan Coast Guard, China Airlines and EVA Air.
There is also an airline company named after the developer of the game TechnoBrain, TechnoBrain Airlines (ICAO: TBA). Whenever TechnoBrain Airlines plane appears, special events will be triggered.
Tokyo: BigWing B (Bravo)
Airport: Tokyo International Airport
Release Date: 2001
Largely the same as Tokyo: BigWing A, but with a stage set in the evening.
Kagoshima Island Control
Airport: Kagoshima Airport, Tanegashima Airport, Yakushima Airport
Release Date: 2002
Airlines: Japan Airlines, All Nippon Airways, JALways, Japan Air System, J-Air, Oriental Air Bridge and Polar Air Cargo
Special Feature: Radio Control, For communications with Tanegashima Airport and Yakushima Airport.
Special Event: During Stage 2-3, if all aircraft land before 10:15, a Rocket will launch from Tanegashima Space Center.
TechnoBrain released an updated version in 2005. Changes include the merger between Japan Airlines and Japan Air System, as well as other features that were unavailable at that time.
Komatsu Base Aviation Festival
Airport: Komatsu Airport
Release Date: 2002
Airlines: Japan Airlines, All Nippon Airways, Air Nippon, Japan Air System and Japan Air Self-Defense Force.
Special Feature: No Delivery Control, jobs taken over by Ground Control.
Special Event: During Stage 1-3 and 2-1, there will be a Airshow. Stage 2-2, It has been replaced by a Q&A, player must answer questions correctly to complete the stage.
Narita: Gate of Japan
Airport: Narita International Airport
Release Date: 2002
Tokyo: BigWing Complete
Airport: Tokyo International Airport
Special Feature: Airbus Beluga makes an appearance as the last plane to approach, land, and park in the airport at the last stage.
Nagoya: Jumble Airport
Narita: Star Light Airways
Airport: Narita International Airport
Special Feature: At stage 4-1, snowing occurs. At stage 4-3, Concorde makes a special appearance at the end.
Okinawa: A Wake on the Southward Raise
Sendai: First Flight, First Control
Chitose: SnowScape
Airport: New Chitose...(and so on)
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ortabl
George Westinghouse
Born
October 6, 1846(1846-10-06)Central Bridge, New York
Died
March 12, 1914 (aged67)New York, New York
Nationality
American
Notable awards
IEEE Edison Medal
Signature
George Westinghouse, Jr (October 6, 1846arch 12, 1914) was an American entrepreneur and engineer who invented the railroad air brake and was a pioneer of the electrical industry. Westinghouse was one of Thomas Edison's main rivals in the early implementation of the American electricity system. Westinghouse's system using alternating current ultimately prevailed over Edison's insistence on direct current. In 1911, he received the AIEE's Edison Medal 'For meritorious achievement in connection with the development of the alternating current system light.
Contents
1 Early years
2 Electricity and the "War of Currents"
3 Later years
4 See also
5 References
5.1 Patents
5.2 Notes
5.3 Bibliography
6 External links
//
Early years
Westinghouse was the son of a machine shop owner and was talented at machinery and business. He was only 19 years old when he created his first invention, the rotary steam engine. At age 21 he invented a "car replacer", a device to guide derailed railroad cars back onto the tracks, and a reversible frog, a device used with a railroad switch to guide trains onto one of two tracks.
Thomas Edison was one of his main rivals due to the fact that they were both very intelligent inventors. At about this time he witnessed a train wreck where two engineers saw one another, but were unable to stop their trains in time using the existing brakes. Brakemen ran from car to car, on catwalks atop the cars, appling the brakes manually on each car.
Westinghouse Steam and Air Brakes (U.S. Patent 144,006)
In 1869 at age 22 he invented a railroad braking system using compressed air. The Westinghouse system used a compressor on the locomotive, a reservoir and a special valve on each car, and a single pipe running the length of the train (with flexible connections) which both refilled the reservoirs and controlled the brakes, applying and releasing the brakes on all cars simultaneously. It is a failsafe system, in that any rupture or disconnection in the train pipe will apply the brakes throughout the train. It was patented by Westinghouse on March 5, 1872. The Westinghouse Air Brake Company (WABCO) was subsequently organized to manufacture and sell Westinghouse's invention. It was in time nearly universally adopted. Modern trains use brakes in various forms based on this design.
Westinghouse pursued many improvements in railroad signals (then using oil lamps) and in 1881 he founded the Union Switch and Signal Company to manufacture his signaling and switching inventions.
Electricity and the "War of Currents"
Main article: War of Currents
In 1875, Thomas Edison was still a relative unknown in the United States. He had achieved some success with a "multiplex telegraph" system that allowed multiple telegraph signals to be sent over a single wire, but had not yet obtained the recognition he wanted. He was working on a telephone system but was upstaged by Bell. Edison bounced back quickly from the setback to invent the phonograph, bringing him renown. In 1878 Edison invented an improved incandescent light bulb, and realized the need for an electrical distribution system to provide power for lighting. On September 4 1882, Edison switched on the world's first electrical power distribution system, providing 110 volts direct current (DC) to 59 customers in lower Manhattan, around his Pearl Street laboratory. Lewis Latimer received a patent for an improved process for manufacturing the carbon filaments in light bulbs. These improvements reduced the manufacturing time and increased quality. During his life he had worked
with and for Alexander Bell, Hiram Maxim and Thomas Edison.
Westinghouse's interests in gas distribution and telephone switching logically led him to become interested in electrical power distribution. He investigated Edison's scheme, but decided that it was too inefficient to be scaled up to a large size. Edison's power network was based on low-voltage DC, which meant large currents and serious power losses. Nikola Tesla was working on "alternating current (AC)" power distribution. An AC power system allowed voltages to be "stepped up" by a transformer for distribution, reducing power losses, and then "stepped down" by a transformer for consumer use.
A power transformer developed by Lucien Gaulard of France and John Dixon Gibbs of England was demonstrated in London in 1881, and attracted the interest of Westinghouse. Transformers were not new, but the Gaulard-Gibbs design was one of the first that could handle large amounts of power and was easily manufactured. In 1885 Westinghouse imported a number of...(and so on)
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Sequence of a race horse galloping. Photos taken by Eadweard Muybridge, first published in 1887.
High Speed Photography is the science of taking pictures of very fast phenomena. In 1948, the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) defined high-speed photography as any set of photographs captured by a camera capable of 128 frames per second or greater, and of at least three consecutive frames. High speed photography can be considered to be the opposite of time-lapse photography.
In common usage, high speed photography may refer to either or both of the following meanings. The first is that the photograph itself may be taken in a way as to appear to freeze the motion, especially to reduce motion blur. The second is that a series of photographs may be taken at a high sampling frequency or frame rate. The first requires a sensor with good sensitivity and either a very good shuttering system or a very fast strobe light. The second requires some means of capturing successive frames, either with a mechanical device or by moving data off electronic sensors very quickly.
Other considerations for high-speed photographers are record length, reciprocity breakdown, and spatial resolution.
Contents
1 Early applications and development
2 Stroboscopy and laser applications
3 High speed film cameras
3.1 Intermittent pin register
3.2 Rotary prism
3.3 Rotary mirror
4 Video
4.1 CCD
4.2 CMOS
4.3 Infrared
5 References
6 See also
7 External links
//
Early applications and development
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (February 2008)
Nuclear explosion photographed by Rapatronic camera less than 1 millisecond after detonation. The fireball is about 20 meters in diameter. The spikes at the bottom of the fireball are due to what is known as the rope trick effect.
The first practical application of high-speed photography was Eadweard Muybridge's 1878 investigation into whether horses' feet were actually all off the ground at once during a gallop.
Bell Telephone Laboratories was one of the first customers for a camera developed by Eastman Kodak in the early 1930s. Bell used the system, which ran 16mm film at 1000 frame/s and had a 100-foot (30m) load capacity, to study relay bounce. When Kodak declined to develop a higher-speed version, Bell Labs developed it themselves, calling it the Fastax. The Fastax was capable of 5,000 frame/s. Bell eventually sold the camera design to Western Electric, who in turn sold it to the Wollensak Optical Company. Wollensak further improved the design to achieve 10,000 frame/s. Redlake Laboratories introduced another 16mm rotating prism camera, the Hycam, in the early 1960s. Photo-Sonics developed several models of rotating prism camera capable of running 35mm and 70mm film in the 1960s. Visible Solutions introduced the Photec IV 16mm camera in the 1980s.
The D. B. Milliken company developed an intermittent, pin-registered, 16mm camera for speeds of 400 frame/s in 1957. Mitchell, Redlake Laboratories, and Photo-Sonics eventually followed in the 1960s with a variety of 16, 35, and 70mm intermittent cameras.
Stroboscopy and laser applications
Doc Edgerton is generally credited with pioneering the use of the stroboscope to freeze fast motion. He eventually helped found EG&G, which used some of Edgerton's methods to capture the physics of explosions required to detonate nuclear weapons. See, for example, the photograph of an explosion using a Rapatronic camera.
Advancing the idea of the stroboscope, researchers began using lasers to stop high speed motion.
High speed film cameras
A 5 milliseconds capture of coffee blown out of a straw
A droplet is caught with a strobe after rebounding upward
As film and mechanical transports improved, the high-speed film camera became available for scientific research. Kodak eventually shifted its film from acetate base to Estar (Kodak's name for a Mylar-equivalent plastic), which enhanced the strength and allowed it to be pulled faster. The Estar was also more stable than acetate allowing more accurate measurement, and it was not as prone to fire.
Each film type is available in many load sizes. These may be cut down and placed in magazines for easier loading. A 1,200-foot (370m) magazine is typically the longest available for the 35mm and 70mm cameras. A 400-foot (120m) magazine is typical for 16mm cameras, though 1,000-foot (300m) magazines are available. Typically rotary prism cameras use 100ft (30m) film loads. The images on 35mm high-speed film are typically rectangular with the long side between the sprocket holes instead of parallel to the edges as in...(and so on)
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Ericsson Mobile Platforms for mobile phone product
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The kinds of dry equipment can be suitable for more raw materials. Besides the raw materials mentioned in basic type drier, the following raw materials can also be dried. They are hypnone, ABC intermediate, ABS resin, ASC, white carbon black, phthalimidine, catalyst for oxalic acid, accelerant m.d.m, catalyst, deposited carbon powder, p-acetamidobenzene sulfonyl chloride, sodium para-aminosalicylate, terephthalic acid, diethylaniline, titanium dioxide, active carbon, sodium fluosilicate, fluoric ore, ammmonium sulphate, silica gel powder, synthesis resin, calcium hydrogen phosphate, PP, aureomycin, sodium disilicate, oral glucose, sodium sulfate, sulphide ore, phosphorus ore powder, blue BB, PVC, phosphate fertilizer, acheomycin, ferric oxide, calcium carbonate, ilmenite, copper ore, potato, tail coal, stearate, maize protein, medicine, dose, lees and so on. The equipment adapts several cyclones to operate in parallel. So the separation efficiency is raised. Particularly it
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Ericsson Mobile Platforms is the name of the company within the Ericsson group that supplies mobile platforms, i.e. the technological basis on which a cellular phone product can be built. EMP is one of the leading suppliers of 3G technology to various brands of phones. EMP do not manufacture chips themselves, but partner with manufacturers that make them based on their reference design and Intellectual Property Rights. These chips are then only sold to EMP customers. According to the company, EMP holds the world largest 2G, 2.5G and 3G IPR portfolio, with more than 20,000 granted patents worldwide.
Within Ericsson, EMP evolved through a process of separating the technology development, the platform, from the product development, the mobile phone. The process started back in the early nineties, and in 2001 the handset division was separated and the joint venture together with Sony, creating Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications, was formed. Ericsson decided to keep the platform technology within the company, forming EMP.
During August 2008, it was announced that EMP would be merged with ST-NXP Wireless, a mobile phone system solution provider, to create a 50/50 joint venture owned by Ericsson and ST Microelectronics. The combined company will have a customer base including Nokia, Samsung, LG Electronics and Sony Ericsson -- four of the top five mobile phone vendors.
Contents
1 A platform by Ericsson Mobile Platforms
2 The third generation (3G)
3 References
4 Source
5 See also
6 External links
//
A platform by Ericsson Mobile Platforms
A platform has a life cycle of about one and a half to two years. New platform versions build on previous designs, making the transition to a new version easier. EMP technology has been used for over 250 million phones.
The third generation (3G)
In 2001, Ericsson Mobile Platforms became one of the first companies to license 3G technology platforms to mobile phone manufacturers. EMP was the first platform provider to have commercially launched handsets containing their WCDMA, EDGE and GPRS technologies.
Manufactures such as Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications, Amoi, Sagem, Sharp, LG, and NEC, have signed licence agreements with EMP.
For 2006 Ericsson Mobile Platforms started deliveries of the U350 and U360 platforms, which was the smallest HSDPA/EDGE platforms yet. U350 is a quad-band EDGE and single-band HSDPA platform, whereas the U360 adds triple-band HSDPA capabilities.
References
^ http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/press/releases/20080820-1244729.shtml
Source
Ericsson, TI to Develop 3G Solutions for Handset Manufacturers
Recipe for making a mobile phone
Ericsson Launches Smallest HSDPA / EDGE Mobile Platforms
Ericsson Upgrades Its Mobile Platforms
Smallest HSDPA/EDGE Mobile Platforms from Ericsson
See also
Sony Ericsson
Mobile platform
External links
The EMP story by Michael Kornby
EMP
EMP Technology
Categories: Ericsson
Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from March 2007 | All articles lacking sources(and so on)
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"Roseanne Roseannadanna" was one of two recurring characters created by Gilda Radner (the other being Emily Litella) who appeared in the Weekend Update segments of the early seasons of the NBC comedy television show, Saturday Night Live. Like Litella, Roseanne was brought in to give editorial replies to current issues. Unlike Emily Litella, however, Roseanne Roseannadanna was not meek or apologetic, but rather very explosive. The character later appeared in Radner's live one-woman shows. Her name is likely a reference to the WABC-TV newswoman from 1972-84 Rose Ann Scamardella.
As portrayed by Radner, Roseannadanna was a brash, tactless woman with wild hair.
Contents
1 Routine
2 Characterization
3 After Saturday Night Live
4 List of SNL Episodes Featuring Rosanne Roseannadanna
5 See also
//
Routine
Roseannadanna's Saturday Night Live commentary would follow a strict formula. She would read a letter which was almost always from the same person: Richard Feder of Fort Lee, New Jersey (although, on one occasion, she read a letter from a "Mrs." Richard Feder). The letter would ask a series of questions, usually about some current social issue, to which Roseannadanna would usually reply, "Mr. Feder, you sure do ask a lot of stupid questions for a guy from New Jersey," or "You belong in New Jersey!" Then she would sometimes make a derogatory comment about New Jersey. She would then answer the questions.
While answering the questions, she would invariably digress, launching into a lengthy anecdote with no relevance to the topic at hand, frequently having to do with an encounter Roseannadanna had had with a celebrity (Bo Derek, Princess Grace, etc.). Invariably, the story would lead into Roseannadanna's going into disgustingly graphic detail about bodily functions or personal hygiene; with these details, she would use a famous celebrity as an example and say that she would ask these celebrities, "What are ya tryin' to do, make me sick?!"
Eventually, Jane Curtin would interrupt, stating, "Roseanne, you're making me sick". Curtin would then ask her what her comments had to do with the question. Roseannadanna's response was, "Well, Jane, it just goes to show you, it's always something."
She would then wrap up her comments by sharing a piece of advice passed down from a family member (often her father, but sometimes her "Nana" Roseannadanna; in one episode, she mentioned her aunt Pollyanna Roseannadanna, and in another, her "musically happening cousin, Carlos Santana Roseannadanna").
Characterization
The character also had a tendency to refer to herself by her full name whenever possible ("Mr. Feder, I know what you're talkin' about, because, I, Roseanne Roseannadanna, once had the same thing happen to me.") and often exaggerated her tribulations, saying, "I thought I was gonna die!"
For example, she was talking about eating a hamburger in a restaurant and how she felt something hard in it. And she spit it out and it was white and looked like a toenail. She said, "I thought I was gonna die. I mean, what was a toenail doing in my hamburger?" Then she went to the restroom and on the way to the restroom she saw Princess Lee Radziwill who she described as the "classy lady that no one knows where she's the princess of." But what the Princess didn't know was she had a tiny piece of toilet paper hanging off her shoe, and she was walking around and the toilet paper wouldn't fall off. "I thought I was gonna be sick. So I says to her, 'Hey Princess Leehat are ya tryin' to do, make me sick?' " So Jane Curtin asked her what this had to do with anything. Roseanne said, "Well it just goes to show you, it's always something, you either got a toenail in your hamburger or toilet paper clinging to your shoe."
After Saturday Night Live
In Radner's off-Broadway one-woman show, she included a sketch where Roseanadanna was invited to give the commencement speech at Columbia University. In an apparent attempt to prepare the new graduates for the hard road ahead, she described a job interview she'd had with CBS, in which Walter Cronkite mistakenly thought she'd "passed gas" and consequently kicked her out of his office. The character was later credited as "co-author" of Radner's book Roseanne Roseannadanna's Hey Get Back to Work. In the last year of her life, Radner released a memoir of her experience with ovarian cancer, entitled It's Always Something. Radner also recorded the book on audio, imitating Roseannadanna and other of her SNL characters when describing those parts of her life.
List of SNL Episodes Featuring Rosanne Roseannadanna
October 29, 1977 host: Charles Grodin-- on this episode, Gilda's Roseanne Roseannadanna character was not on Weekend Update. She was on a fake commercial called "Hire The Incompetent," where she protested being fired from a fast food restaurant because her hair kept...(and so on)
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Compression shorts
Blue Compression Shorts
are undergarments usually worn by athletes. They are form-fitting and when worn cover the athlete's waist to mid or lower thigh. These garments are often made from a spandex-type material, similar to cycling shorts.
The main benefits of compression shorts are that they keep the muscles warm to prevent muscle strain, chafing and rashes, and to wick sweat away from the body. In addition, there is some evidence that compression shorts may enhance athletic performance. They may also be used as a way to keep the male genitalia in place in the same way briefs do.
There are also other types of compression garments that work the same, such as compression t-shirts, socks & sleeves. Common brands are Nike, Under Armour, Skins, McDavid, and Adidas.
More recently, jockstraps have fallen out of favour with young athletes, and garments such as compression shorts have seen an increase in popularity, arguably because of their comparable function and less embarrassing looks.
References
^ Doan BK, Kwon YH, Newton RU, et al (Aug 2003). "Evaluation of a lower-body compression garment". J Sports Sci 21 (8): 60110. PMID 12875311.
^ ""Where have all the jockstraps gone?". Slate Magazine (2005-07-22). http://www.slate.com/id/2123007/.
See also
Sports clothing
v?d?eMen's undergarments
Upper body
Sleeveless shirt (A-shirt, muscle shirt, singlet, tank top, wifebeater) T-shirt Undershirt
Lower body
Bikini Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Briefs (slip, Y-fronts) Fundoshi G-string Jockstrap (athletic supporter) Compression shorts Thong Trunks
Full body
Long underwear (long johns)
Hosiery
Sock Stocking Tabi
Historical
Braies Breechcloth Chausses Codpiece Doublet Garter Hose Loincloth Union suit
Brands
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(Redirected from An-Shan)
For the ancient Persian city, see Anshan (Persia).
Anshan
refecture-level city
Chinesetranscription(s)
-Simplified
??
-Pinyin
?nsh?n
-Literally
Saddle Mountain
Location of Anshan in Liaoning
Anshan
Location in China
Coordinates: 4106?30?N 12259?00?E? / ?41.10833 122.983333? / 41.10833; 122.983333
Country
China
Province
Liaoning
City Seat
Tiedong District
Districts and Counties
List
Tiedong DistrictTiexi DistrictLishan DistrictQianshan DistrictHaicheng CityTai'an CountyXiuyan Manchu Autonomous County
Government
-CPC Anshan
Zhang Jiehui Committee Secretary
-Mayor
Gu Chunli
Area
-Prefecture-level city
9,252km2(3,572.2sqmi)
-Land
8,563km2(3,306.2sqmi)
- Water
689km2(266sqmi) 7.4%
- Urban
624km2(240.9sqmi)
Population
-Prefecture-level city
3,584,000
-Density
387.4/km2(1,003.3/sqmi)
- Urban
1,285,849
- Urban Density
2,060.7/km2(5,337.1/sqmi)
Time zone
China Standard (UTC+8)
Area code(s)
412
Website
http://www.anshan.gov.cn/en
?nsh?n (Chinese: ??; pinyin: ?nsh?n; lit. 'saddle mountain') is the third largest prefecture level city in Liaoning province of China. Situated in the central area of the province, Anshan is about 92km south of Shenyang, the province's capital. Anshan is on the boundary between the Mountains of eastern Liaoning and the plains of the west. The prefecture has a population of 3,584,000 people and covers an area of about 9,252 square kilometres. The distance from the east to the west of the prefecture is 133 kilometres. The area contains the famous Qi?nsh?n National Park. The city's name is derived form the shape of a nearby mountain that resembles the shape of a horse's saddle. Anshan is home to the Angang Iron and Steel Company, one of the largest steel producers in China.
Contents
1 Quick Facts
2 History
3 Economy
4 Demographics
5 Tourist attractions
6 Five-year plan
7 Education system
8 Climate
9 Five-Star Hotel
10 Famous Residents
11 Geography
12 Administratives divisions
13 Sister Cities
14 References
15 External links
16 Further Reading
//
Quick Facts
Anshan has a population of 3.5 million
Holds one third of the worlds supply of talcum
Holds a quarter of the worlds reserves of magnesite
Produced the worlds largest ever jade stone, now a local tourist attraction carved as a Buddha
History
The area of Anshan has been inhabited since prehistoric times. The area remained of little significance, a small city in Liaodong province, overshadowed by neighbouring Liaoyang city, until the mid 20th Century. In 1587 Anshan was fortified by the Ming Dynasty to combat the growing power of the Manchu. The city was burnt down during the Boxer Rebellion, and was destroyed again in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). As a result of this war, Japan had gained influence in Liaoning and was engaged in industrialising the region. Anshan lay beside the new South Manchuria Railway line that ran from the port of Dalian to the major city of Shenyang. As a joint Sino-Japanese venture, Anshan Zhenzing Iron Ore Company Unlimited was started in Anshan in 1918. After the Mukden Incident in 1931, Japan occupied the northeast of China. The mills were turned into a Japanese owned monopoly. In 1933, the site was expanded to include steel production and the company was renamed Showa Steel Works.
Anshan became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Additional industries developed around the iron and steel mills. The city of Anshan grew significantly in size around this new industrial site.
Anshan had become one of the largest producers of iron and steel in Asia if not the world. It was therefore of strategic importance in the Pacific War, and was subject to constant attack by B-29 Superfortress strategic bombers of the USAAF. Japanese Army detached the 1st Chutai (unit) of 104th Sentai (squadron) of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force, to Anshan, with other air squadrons for industrial defense purposes. Although this unit was equipped with modern Nakajima Ki-84 Ia (Manshu Type) Hayate "Frank" fighters, manufactured by Mansh?koku Hik?ki Seizo KK, the plant suffered heavy damage from the air raids, losing up to 30% of its capacity.
At the end of the war, Soviet Red Army forces launched Operation August Storm, which captured Manchuria form the Japanese. The Soviets looted the ruins of Sh?wa Steel Works for anything that could be taken back to the Soviet Union. With the defeat of Japan in 1945, Anshan was returned to China along with the rest of Chinese Manchuria. However, peace had not...(and so on)
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Issam Hamid Al Bin Ali Al Jayfi
Born:
September 1, 1979(1979-09-01)Sada, Yemen
Detained at:
Guantanamo
Alias(s):
Issam Hamid Ali Bin Al Jayfi
ID number:
183
Charge(s):
no charge, held in extrajudicial detention
Status
repatriated
Issam Hamid Al Bin Ali Al Jayfi is a citizen of Yemen, held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, in Cuba. Al Jayfi's detainee ID number is 183. Joint Task Force Guantanamo counter-terrorism analysts reports that Al Jayfi was born on September 1, 1979, in Sada, Yemen.
Contents
1 Combatant Status Review Tribunal
1.1 Summary of Evidence memo
1.2 Transcript
1.3 Testimony
2 Administrative Review Board hearing
2.1 Summary of Evidence memo
2.2 The following primary factors favor continued detention:
2.3 The following primary factors favor release or transfer:
2.4 Board recommendations
3 Repatriation
4 Habeas corpus submissions
5 References
//
Combatant Status Review Tribunal
Combatant Status Review Tribunals were held in a trailer the size of a large RV. The captive sat on a plastic garden chair, with his hands and feet shackled to a bolt in the floor. Three chairs were reserved for members of the press, but only 37 of the 574 Tribunals were observed.
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (December 2007)
Initially the Bush administration asserted that they could withhold all the protections of the Geneva Conventions to captives from the war on terror. This policy was challenged before the Judicial branch. Critics argued that the USA could not evade its obligation to conduct a competent tribunals to determine whether captives are, or are not, entitled to the protections of prisoner of war status.
Subsequently the Department of Defense instituted the Combatant Status Review Tribunals. The Tribunals, however, were not authorized to determine whether the captives were lawful combatants -- rather they were merely empowered to make a recommendation as to whether the captive had previously been correctly determined to match the Bush administration's definition of an enemy combatant.
Summary of Evidence memo
A Summary of Evidence memo was prepared for Issam Hamid Ali Bin Al Jayfi's Combatant Status Review Tribunal, on 12 January 2005. The memo listed the following allegations against him:
a The detainee is associated with al Qaida:
The detainee was told that the Saudi Arabian and Yemeni governments had issued Fatwahs to the jihad [sic] in Afghanistan.
The detainee voluntarily traveled to Afghanistan from Yemen via Pakistan in August 2001.
The detainee believes [sic] that a jihad recruiter and financier obtained his passport and paid for his travel to Afghanistan.
The detainee stayed at a guesthouse in Kabul for seven weeks.
The detainee stayed at a guesthouse in Jalalabad for one month.
The detainee advised that he was provided his accommodation, food and necessities at no cost.
The detainee has familial ties to an individual who was scheduled to travel to California/San Francisco with associates of the September 11 hijackers.
The detainee telephone number was found in the pocket litter of another detainee along with the telephone number of a Mujahideen who trained at an al Qaida camp and extensive notes on electronic and radio theory.
b The detainee participated in military operations against the coalition.
The detainee most likely carried an AK-47 rifle in Afghanistan.
The detainee joined the Taliban forces for approximately one month before Kabul fell to the Northern Alliance.
The detainee surrendered to Dostum Forces at Mazar-E-Sharif [sic] without identification documents.
Transcript
Al Jayfi chose to participate in his Combatant Status Review Tribunal.
Testimony
The Tribunal officers read out the allegations against Al Jayfi, and he responded to each, in turn, as follows:
Al Jayfi denied any association with al Qaeda; denied ever participating in jihad or training with weapons. He denied any knowledge of al Qaeda until he was interrogated.
Al Jayfi denied any involvement in Fatwas, and said in his life, in Yemen, had nothing to do with Saudi scholars.
Al Jayfi was confused by the third allegation, that an al Qaeda recruiter/financier paid for his travel. His friend Sammy paid for his travel expenses, but he had no reason to believe Sammy had anything to do with al Qaeda.
Al Jayfi acknowledged spending some weeks, he couldn be sure how many, in a guesthouse in Kabul, and for a month in Jalalabad, in the company of his friend Sammy.
Al Jayfi denied having any...(and so on)
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Pat Jennings
Personal information
Fullname
Patrick Anthony Jennings
Dateofbirth
12 June 1945 (1945-06-12) (age63)
Placeofbirth
Newry, Northern Ireland
Height
6ft0in (1.83m)
Playing position
Goalkeeper
Youth career
19611963
Newry Town
Senior career1
Years
Club
App (Gls)*
196319641964197719771985
WatfordTottenham HotspurArsenalTotal
048 (0)472 (1)237 (0)757 (1)
National team
19641986
Northern Ireland
119 (0)
1 Senior club appearances and goalscounted for the domestic league only.* Appearances (Goals)
Patrick Anthony Jennings OBE (born 12 June 1945 in Newry, County Down) is a Northern Irish former football player. He played 119 games for Northern Ireland as a goalkeeper, a figure which at the time was a world record and is still a Northern Ireland record, in an international career which lasted for over 22 years. During his career Jennings played in over 1,000 top level games, and even managed to score a goal in the 1967 Charity Shield match.
Contents
1 Club career
1.1 Newry Town & Watford
1.2 Tottenham Hotspur
1.3 Arsenal
1.4 Post-retirement
2 International career
3 Retirement
4 Honours
5 References
6 External links
//
Club career
Newry Town & Watford
After playing for Shamrock Rovers' under-18 side at the age of 11, Jennings concentrated on Gaelic football until he was sixteen years old, when he made his soccer comeback with his hometown side Newry Town. After impressing with the team he moved to English Third Division side Watford in May 1963. Jennings again impressed in his first season in England, playing every league game for his club, and was signed by Tottenham Hotspur for ?27,000 at the end of it.
Tottenham Hotspur
Jennings spent thirteen years at White Hart Lane, where he played in 472 league games for Spurs, and 591 in all competitions. He won the FA Cup in 1967, the League Cup in 1971 and 1973, and the UEFA Cup in 1972. He also scored once, in the 1967 Charity Shield, from his own area, kicking the ball from his hands and sending a large punt down the field that bounced over Manchester United goalkeeper Alex Stepney and into the net. In 1973 the Football Writers' Association named him as its footballer of the year, three years later he won PFA's version of the award.
Arsenal
In August 1977, he was transferred to Tottenham's arch-rivals, Arsenal, with Tottenham thinking he was nearing the end of his career. However, Jennings saw off rivals for the goalkeeper's jersey to play for Arsenal for another eight years. Whilst at Highbury, he helped Arsenal to three successive FA Cup finals, in 1978, 1979, and 1980. However, Arsenal only managed to win the second of these finals, a 3-2 victory against Manchester United. In total, Jennings made 327 appearances for Arsenal, 237 of them in the League, between 1977 and his eventual retirement from first-team club football in 1985.
Post-retirement
After his retirement, Jennings returned to Tottenham Hotspur, playing in their reserve side to maintain his match sharpness for Northern Ireland's 1986 World Cup campaign. He was also briefly on Everton's books, having been signed as goalkeeping cover for the 1986 FA Cup Final against Liverpool, Neville Southall having been injured playing for Wales. He also guested for Shamrock Rovers in a testimonial for Shay Brennan shortly after the World Cup in 1986.
International career
Jennings made his Northern Ireland debut as an eighteen year old, whilst playing for Watford. This game was on the 15th of April 1964, and was a British Home Championship match against Wales, Northern Ireland won the game 3-2; George Best made his international debut in the same game. Jennings played his final international game on his 41st birthday, making him at the time the World Cup's oldest ever participant. Only Roger Milla of Cameroon was older at 42 in 2004. This game was Northern Ireland's final group game in the 1986 World Cup, and was against Brazil, Brazil won the game 3-0. This was Jennings's second World Cup, he had previously played in the 1982 World Cup. Pat Jennings still holds the world record of participations in different World Cups (including qualifying stages), six in total - 1966, 1970, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986. However, this record of six participations has now been equalled by Dwight Yorke and Russell Latapy, both of Trinidad and Tobago.[citation needed
]
Retirement
Following his retirement Jennings has worked as a goalkeeping coach. He has worked at Tottenham in this capacity since 1993. In 2003 Jennings was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in recognition of the skills he demonstrated in the English league.
His son, also named Pat, is also a goalkeeper. He has...(and so on)
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(Redirected from Ofuro)
A traditional private ofuro in a Ryokan in Kyoto.
A modern acrylic ofuro in a Japanese apartment.
A Furo (??), also known in the polite form as ofuro (???), is Japanese for bath. Specifically it is used to refer to a type of bath which originated as a short, steep-sided wooden bathtub. Baths of this type are found all over Japan in houses, apartments and traditional Japanese inns (Ryokans) but are now usually made out of a plastic or stainless steel.
A furo differs from a conventional western bathtub by being of a deeper construction, typically in the region of 0.6 m (25 inches). The sides are generally square rather than being sloped. They generally have no overflow drainage. Traditional pot shaped cast iron furo were heated by a wood-burning stove built-in below them.
Furo are usually left filled with water overnight, the water reused or recycled for washing clothes the next day. As in the West, it was custom that more than one members of the family would use the same bath water and therefore, for the Japanese, it was important to be completely clean before entering the bath. This type of ofuro was the precursor of the modern western-style hot tub.[citation needed]
Furo are part of the Japanese ritual of bathing, not used for washing but for relaxing and warming oneself. Washing is carried out separately outside the ofuro, and only when completely clean does the bather enter the water. Generally Japanese bathrooms are quite small compared to western standards, so the bathroom is set up much like a walk-in shower area but containing the 'ofuro.' Since the bathroom is a complete wet-area, heating is usually provided by air conditioners overhead. The water is hot, usually approximately 100 to 108 degrees F (38 to 42 degrees Celsius).
Modern furo may be made of acrylic, a rare top of the range models fitted with a re-circulation system which filters and re-heats the water. This system is connected with the hot water heater, both for gas/propane fired or electric/heat-pump types. Luxury models are still made out of traditional or expensive woods like hinoki, are can be retrofitted with Western style fittings and are used as signature pieces by architects and interior designers internationally.
See also
Sent?
Onsen
External links
Inside-Japan.com Sento Ofuro: Guide to Bathing in Japan
Japanese Ofuro Guide
Ofuro Etiquette
Different shapes and sizes of ofuro made in hinoki wood
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Furo
This architecture-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: Japanese home | Japan culture stubs | Architecture stubs
Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since January 2009(and so on)
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USS Narragansett (AT-88) for craft hole punch
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Career
Laid down:
31 January 1942
Launched:
8 August 1942
Commissioned:
(AT-88), 15 January 1943
Battle Stars:
3 for World War II
Reclassified:
(ATF-88), 15 May 1944
Decommissioned:
21 December 1946
Struck:
1 September 1961
Fate:
transferred to the Maritime Administration, 1 September 1961
General characteristics
Class:
Navajo-class fleet tug
Displacement:
1,235 t.ons
Length:
205ft (62m)
Beam:
38ft6in (11.7m)
Draft:
15ft4in (4.7m)
Speed:
16knots (30km/h)
Complement:
85
Armament:
one single 3"/50 dual purpose gun mount, two twin 40mm AA gun mounts, two single 20mm AA gun mounts
Propulsion:
diesel-electric, four General Motors 12-278A diesel main engines driving four General Electric generators and three General Motors 3-268A auxiliary services engines, single screw, 3,600shp (2,700kW)
USS Narragansett (AT-88) was a Navajo-class fleet tug constructed for the U.S. Navy during World War II. Her purpose was to aid ships, usually by towing, on the high seas or in combat or post-combat areas, plus ther duties as assigned. She served in the Atlantic Ocean and, at war end, returned home proudly with three battle stars to her credit.
The fourth Narragansett to be so-named by the U.S. Navy, (AT-88) was laid down 31 January 1942 by the Cramp Shipbuilding Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; launched 8 August 1942, sponsored by Miss Lois Kinehen Hill, and commissioned 15 January 1943, Lt. (j.j.) C. J. Wichmann in command.
Contents
1 World War II Atlantic Ocean operations
2 Supporting the invasion of Sicily
3 Under attack by Luftwaffe aircraft
4 Supporting the invasion of Italy
5 Invasion of Southern France operations
6 Returning Stateside for overhaul
7 Transferred to the Pacific Fleet
8 Returned to the East Coast
9 Decommissioning
10 Awards
11 References
12 See also
13 External links
//
World War II Atlantic Ocean operations
Following shakedown of the Middle Atlantic seaboard and gunnery and antisubmarine training at Casco Bay, Narragansett departed American waters 1 April 1943, in convoy for Gibraltar and the Mediterranean theater. Arriving at Gibraltar on the 30th, she continued on to Casablanca, thence to Algiers, arriving 7 May to begin salvage operations along the North African coast under ComNavNAW.
Supporting the invasion of Sicily
On 6 July, she was detached from those duties and ordered to Bizerte, where she prepared for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. On the 8th, she departed Bizerte, and by the 10th she was off Seaglitti with "Cent" Force as that force landed near the mouth of the Aeate River on the Camerina Plain.
Heavy tolls among the landing craft, caused by heavy surf indefinite landmarks, and inexperienced boat crews, kept the tug busy for the next weeks: at first in the Seaglitti area; then with "Joss" Force at Licata, and finally with "Dime" Force at Gela. By the end of the month she had moved her operation to Palermo, whence she operated until the end of August.
Under attack by Luftwaffe aircraft
On the 10th of that month she departed Sicily to tow the disabled USS Mayrant (DD-402) to Malta, returning in mid-month. At 0430 23 August, the Luftwaffe raided Palermo, with bombs scoring on nearby service craft and a near miss wounding two of AT-88's crew. Narragansett's remaining crew immediately set to work to aid the damaged vessels despite explosions which exacted a heavy toll among the fire fighters and damage control sections. Six were dead and 12 seriously wounded before it was over.
Supporting the invasion of Italy
On 30 August Narragansett returned to North Africa to stage for the invasion of Italy at Salerno. On 7 September she departed the Tunisian coast in task unit TU 85.1.1. Soon after midnight, 9 September, she stood into the Gulf of Salerno. At 0330, the Northern Attack Force sent its assault troops onto the Unnele beaches. By 0507, Narragansett was hard at work aiding the burning USS Nauset (AT-89) and various landing craft and larger vessels in need of assistance. On the 14th she gained a brief respite from beachhead operations with an assignment to tow the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Uganda to Malta. Until the end of October she continued to operate in support of the Italian offensive; completing several runs to Malta towing both British and American vessels, salvaging vessels of various types and pulling landing from the beaches.
From November, 1943, through 22 February 1944, Narragansett once again operated off North Africa performing general duties at Algiers, towing targets for other vessels in the area, and performing salvage missions from Oran to Bizerte. At the end of February, she...(and so on)
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Cobra Triangle for R/C Speed Boat
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125cc Lightweight Aluminum Dirt Bike Model Name: Speedy J 60 All Aluminum (except the frame) Upside down forks Adjustable rear shock Aluminum swingarm Aluminum exhaust pipe Aluminum rims Aluminum tank cap Aluminum skid plate ... Available with KICK START model or ELECTRIC START model Unleash the beast! Equipped with a more powerful engine, this ride is certain to enhance your experience. With a 125cc engine, the Speedy J 60 can give you more speed and boost for any course you may take on. Engine:125cc, 4-stroke, 1-cylinder, air-cooled Displacement:125cc Max.Power:5.2kW/8,500rpm Max.Torque:6.2N.M/5,500rpm Fuel tank volume:3L Engine oil volume:1.1L Economical fuel consumption (only reference):<1.9L/100km Ignition:CDI Start method:Electric / kick Wheel rims:Wire spoke Brakes: A) Front:Disk brake B) Rear:Disk brake Dimensions:53.14 x 16.93 x 30.12 in Wheelbase:38.98 in <br/
Cobra Triangle
Developer(s)
Rare
Publisher(s)
Nintendo
Designer(s)
Mark Betteridge, Chris Stamper, Tim Stamper
Composer(s)
David Wise
Engine
R.C. Pro-Am
Platform(s)
NES
Release date(s)
NA July 1989EU 1989
Genre(s)
Vehicular combat/Racing game
Mode(s)
Single player
Media
196-kilobit cartridge
Input methods
NES controller
Cobra Triangle is a single-player game developed by Rare for the Nintendo Entertainment System following the success of their previous game, R.C. Pro-Am. Similar to R.C. Pro-Am, this game is an action racing game in the isometric perspective, though instead of cars the game features boats. The overall objective of Cobra Triangle is to complete all the missions in a given amount of time while avoiding obstacles such as sharks, jumps, waterfalls, enemy land guns, and enemy boats.
Contents
1 Missions
2 Gameplay
3 References
4 External links
//
Missions
Racing against the clock through obstacle filled scrolling levels.
Racing opposing boats.
Protecting stranded people from boats taking them.
Collecting mines to deposit them in a detonation area.
Fighting enemy bosses.
Jump the waterfalls.
Bonus levels to shoot the targets.
Gameplay
There are 25 stages in the game, not including bonus stages. Each series of five generally contains one of each type of mission. The fifth are generally the boss stages. The bosses are a sea serpent (as seen on the cover), a giant crab, a giant squid, a red and black version of the sea serpent and a giant shark.
The game uses a powerup bar similar to the Gradius series. Powerup pods are collected to move the selector to different powerup items. When the desired powerup is highlighted, the player can select it, after which the menu returns to an unhighlighted state. Menu options are Turbo (increase the speed of the boat), Fire (increase the number of bullets the primary gun fires), Speed (increase speed of shots and rate of fire), Missile (improves missiles) and Force (a force field around the boat plus replenished health).
The Cobra Class Speed Boat which is used for game play starts with a single gun which can be upgraded to a quadruple spread shot. Missiles can also be added to the boat's arsenal and can be upgraded to heat-seekers. Between stages which are not connected by water, the Cobra Class has a helicopter style propeller that extends from the roof of the cabin. However, this flying state of the boat is never used in gameplay. The boat has a 12-point damage bar which can be reduced by contact with obstacles or enemy fire.
References
^ a b c d e "Release information". GameFAQs . http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/nes/data/587194.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
^ "Game overview". MobyGames. http://www.mobygames.com/game/cobra-triangle. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
External links
1up-games.com: French
v?d?eRare video games
Game series
Banjo-Kazooie? Battletoads? Conker? Donkey Kong? Perfect Dark? Killer Instinct? Sabreman? Snake Rattle 'n' Roll? Jetpac? Viva Pi?ata? R.C. Pro-Am? Wizards & Warriors
Single games
Blast Corps? GoldenEye 007? Mickey's Racing Adventure? Mickey's Speedway USA? Jet Force Gemini? Star Fox Adventures? Grabbed by the Ghoulies? Kameo: Elements of Power? It's Mr. Pants? Cobra Triangle? Digger T. Rock: Legend of the Lost City? Captain Skyhawk
Categories: Vehicular combat games | 1989 video games | Nintendo Entertainment System games | Nintendo Entertainment System-only games | Racing video games | Naval video games | Rareware games(and so on)
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Voice inversion for highly-secure conditional access system
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The electrobllue makes it easy to outfit your home theater with the latest digital TV technology. Whether you are looking for a plasma TV (such as a panasonic plasma, Sony plasma, or pioneer plasma hdtv), a LCD flat-panel TV (such as a sharp aquos LCD flat-panel TV or a Sony LCD display), a rear projection dlp (such as a samsung dlp or mitsubishi dlp) or the latest high definition TV (hdtv), electrobllue is the place to look first. Build an entire entertainment center off of ebay - watch the latest movies and sports events on a new 50 inch plasma, HDTV, LCD flat screen, or big screen rear projection television. You can also find products you need on electrobllue including a HDTV tuner, DVD recorder, DVD/VCR combo, or tivo/DVR. Make sure you have a great surround sound home audio system to hook up your new digital television to. Upgrade your current stereo or audio system with a powerful receiver, avr, amplifier, subwoofer and a better set of bookshelf speakers or floor standi
ng speakers, including a bose spea
Voice Inversion scrambling is an analog method of obscuring the content of a transmission. It sometimes used in public service radio, automobile racing, cordless telephones and the Family Radio Service. Without a descrambler, the transmission makes the speaker sound like "Donald Duck". It is called "voice inversion", but the technique operates on the passband of the information and so can be applied to any information being transmitted.
There are various forms of voice inversion which offer differing levels of security. Overall, voice inversion scrambling offers little true security as software and even hobbyist kits are available from kit makers for scrambling and descrambling. The cadence of the speech is not changed. It is often easy to guess what is happening in the conversation by listening for other audio cues like questions, short responses and other language cadences.
The simplest form of voice inversion splits the voice information into two bands and inverts them around a carrier frequency. This will make the low tones of the voice sound like high ones and vice versa.
There are more advanced forms of voice inversion which are more complex and require more effort to descramble. One method is to use a random code to choose the carrier frequency and then change this code in real time. This is called Rolling Code voice inversion and one can often hear the "ticks" in the transmission which signal the changing of the inversion point.
Another method is Split Band Voice Inversion sometimes called VSB. This is where the band is split and then each band is inverted separately. A rolling code can also be added to this method for Split Band Variable Inversion.
Common carrier frequencies are: 2.868kHz, 2.632kHz, 2.718kHz, 2.868kHz, 3.023kHz, 3.107kHz, 3.196kHz, 3.333kHz, 3.339kHz, 3.496kHz, 3.729kHz and 4.096kHz.
See also
Encryption
Scrambler
Secure Communication - Scrambling and key distribution scheme for digital television
References
Kanjanarin, W.; Amornraksa, T. Networks, 2001. Proceedings. Ninth IEEE International Conference on Volume, Issue, 10-12 October 2001 Page(s): 140 - 145 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ICON.2001.962331 Summary: The scrambling scheme is a part of the conditional access system (CAS) that is used to prevent unauthorized access to Pay-TV systems. We propose a new scrambling scheme and key distribution scheme. The scrambling scheme is used in conjunction with ordinary encryption techniques, for protecting the digital video streams from unauthorized viewing. A hash function and a pseudo-random number generator are used to prepare the video stream before being encrypted. The proposed scheme helps reduce computational time and complexity while providing the same level of security as encrypting the entire video stream. In addition, the proposed secure key distribution scheme can be used with any, scrambling scheme e.g. with our scrambling scheme. By using the Chinese remainder theore
m (CRT) for distributing parameters in the scrambling process, the security of the scheme can be increased. Moreover, our scheme can prevent two common problems, namely, smart card cloning and McCormac Hack.
External links
Audio clips of various radio scrambling and signaling types
Articles on scrambling methods
Categories: Cryptography(and so on)
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File:Texas chainsaw massacre.jpg for 16 Chain Saw
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File
File history
File links
No higher resolution available.Texas_chainsaw_massacre.jpg? (295 439 pixels, file size: 16 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
Summary
Non-free use media rationale non-free film cover or The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (film)
Description
This is the cover art for The Texas Chainsaw Massacre. The cover art copyright is believed to belong to the distributor of the film, New Line CinemaFocus Features, or the publisher of the film.
Source
The cover art can or could be obtained from New Line CinemaFocus Features
Article
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (film)
Portion used
The entire cover: because the image is cover art, a form of product packaging, the entire image is needed to identify the product, properly convey the meaning and branding intended, and avoid tarnishing or misrepresenting the image.
Low resolution?
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Purpose of use
Main infobox. The image is used for identification in the context of critical commentary of the work for which it serves as cover art. It makes a significant contribution to the user's understanding of the article, which could not practically be conveyed by words alone.The image is placed in the infobox at the top of the article discussing the work, to show the primary visual image associated with the work, and to help the user quickly identify the work and know they have found what they are looking for.Use for this purpose does not compete with the purposes of the original artwork, namely the creator providing graphic design services to film concerns and in turn marketing films to the public.
Replaceable?
As film cover art, the image is not replaceable by free content; any other image that shows the packaging of the film would also be copyrighted, and any version that is not true to the original would be inadequate for identification or commentary.
Other information
Use of the cover art in the article complies with Wikipedia non-free content policy and fair use under United States copyright law as described above.
Movie poster for The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003 film). Fair use for an article about the film.
Licensing
This image is of a poster, and the copyright for it is most likely owned by either the publisher or the creator of the work depicted. It is believed that the use of scaled-down, low-resolution images of posters
to provide critical commentary on the film, event, etc. in question or of the poster itself, not solely for illustration
on the English-language Wikipedia, hosted on servers in the United States by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation,
qualifies as fair use under United States copyright law. Any other uses of this image, on Wikipedia or elsewhere, may be copyright infringement. See Wikipedia:Non-free content for more information.To the uploader: please add a detailed fair use rationale for each use as well as the source of the work and copyright information.
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The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (film)
Categories: Fair use posters | Film poster images
Hidden categories: Non-free Wikipedia files with valid backlink | All non-free media(and so on)
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Windpants for cotton cargo pants
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Windpants are a sportswear variety of trousers (pants) intended for wearing without undergarments and for athletic and comfort purposes.
Contents
1 Design
2 Related
2.1 Fashion pants
2.2 Tearaway pants
3 See also
//
Design
Windpants, also known as windbreakers, are light and serve to shield the wearer from cold wind rather than to insulate. Windpants are almost always made out of polyester or nylon. Some have polyester tricot. Most types of windpants have a cotton inner liner and no fly, because of this, undergarments are not required while wearing windpants. Due to natural friction against both itself and one's legs, windpants make "swishing" sounds during walking or running. Windpants often have zippers on each ankle, allowing athletes to unzip the end of each leg to pull the pants over their footwear. Some windpants have zippers that run the full length so the pants can be simply unzipped entirely; in this case, shorts are normally worn underneath. Windpants can also protect the wearer from elements such as mud and water; this gives them the nickname "Splash Pants". Windpants are also commonly worn while sick or travelling because they are so easy to move around in and are very comfortable.<
/br>
Related
Fashion pants
Fashion pants typically refers to "fashion conscious" sportswear; the distinguishing characteristic is that fashion pants lack the elastic band at the ankles.[citation needed]
Tearaway pants
Tearaway pants, also known as breakaway pants, rip-off pants are another close relative to windpants. Tearaway pants are windpants with metal snaps running the length of both legs. Some tearaway pants have snaps on only part of the legs, but normally the snaps run the entire length. Some tearaway pants are reversible. Some do not have pockets but since shorts are usually worn underneath tearaway pants, many people open the top snaps to gain access to pockets in their shorts.
Sometimes, there are buttons above each set of snaps to add more closure. The buttons and snaps allow athletes to remove their tearaway pants in a timely manner to compete in some sports. Basketball and track and field are the two sports most commonly associated with tearaway pants and windpants.
Adidas is the largest manufacturer of tearaway pants, followed by Nike, Inc. Other manufacturers are Spalding, Russell Athletic, Teamwork Athletic Apparel, Wilson Sporting Goods, And 1, Reebok, Champion, Polo Ralph Lauren, Converse, Old Navy, Foot Locker, Tommy Hilfiger, Fila, and numerous other brands.
See also
Sweatsuit
Tracksuit
v?d?eClothing
Materials
Cloth Denim Down Fur Leather Nylon Polyester Spandex Silk
Tops
Blouse Crop top Dress shirt Halterneck Henley shirt Hoodie Jersey Polo shirt Shirt Sleeveless shirt Sweater T-shirt Turtleneck
Trousers / Pants
Bell-bottoms Bermuda shorts Bondage pants Boxer shorts Capri pants Cargo pants Culottes Cycling shorts Jeans Jodhpurs Overall Parachute pants Shorts Sweatpants Windpants
Skirts
Ballerina skirt Hobble skirt Jean skirt Job skirt Leather skirt Kilt Poodle skirt Prairie skirt Miniskirt Slip Skort Train
Dresses
Ball gown Cocktail dress Evening gown Gown Jumper dress Little black dress Petticoat Sari Sundress Tea gown Wedding dress
Suits / Uniforms
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Magnesium chloride
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IUPAC name
Magnesium chloride
Identifiers
CAS number
[7786-30-3],7791-18-6 (hexahydrate)
RTECS number
OM2975000
Properties
Molecular formula
MgCl2
Molar mass
95.211 g/mol (anhydrous)203.31 g/mol (hexahydrate)
Appearance
white or colourless crystalline solid
Density
2.32 g/cm3 (anhydrous)1.56 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)
Melting point
714 (987 K) (on rapid heating: slow heating leads to decomposition from 300)
Boiling point
1412 (1685 K)
Solubility in water
54.3 g/100 ml (20 )
Structure
Crystal structure
CdCl2
Coordinationgeometry
(octahedral, 6-coordinate)
Hazards
MSDS
ICSC 0764
EU Index
Not listed
Main hazards
Irritant
Flash point
Non-flammable
Related compounds
Other anions
Magnesium fluorideMagnesium bromideMagnesium iodide
Other cations
Calcium chlorideStrontium chlorideBarium chloride
Except where noted otherwise, data are given formaterials in their standard state(at 25, 100kPa)Infobox references
Magnesium chloride is the name for the chemical compounds with the formulas MgCl2 and its various hydrates MgCl2(H2O)x. These salts are typical ionic halides, being highly soluble in water. The hydrated magnesium chloride can be extracted from brine or sea water. Magnesium chloride as the natural mineral Bischofite is also extracted (solution mining) out of ancient seabeds, for example the Zechstein seabed in NW Europe or the Permian Period seabed in the central parts of the US. Anhydrous magnesium chloride is the principal precursor to magnesium metal, which is produced on a large scale. Natural occurrence of anhydrous form was not confirmed.
Contents
1 Structure, preparation, and General properties
2 Applications
2.1 Culinary use
2.2 Use as an anti-icer
2.3 Use in dust and erosion control
2.4 Use in hydrogen storage
3 References
4 External links
//
Structure, preparation, and General properties
MgCl2 crystallizes in the cadmium chloride motif, which features octahedral Mg. A variety of hydrates are known with the formula MgCl2(H2O)x, and each loses water with increasing temperature: x = 12 (-16.4 ), 8 (-3.4 ), 6 (116.7 ), 4 (181 ), 2 (ca. 300 ). In the hexahydrate, the Mg2+ remains octahedral, but is coordinated to six water ligands.
As suggested by the existence of some hydrates, anhydrous MgCl2 is a Lewis acid, although a relatively weak one.
In the Dow process, magnesium chloride is regenerated from magnesium hydroxide using hydrochloric acid:
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 HCl ? MgCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
It can also be prepared from magnesium carbonate by a similar reaction.
In most of its derivatives, MgCl2 forms octahedral complexes. Derivatives with tetrahedral Mg2+ are less common. Examples include salts of (tetraethylammonium)2MgCl4 and adducts such as MgCl2(TMEDA).
Applications
Magnesium chloride serves as precursor to other magnesium compounds, for example by precipitation:
MgCl2(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) ? Mg(OH)2(s) + CaCl2(aq)
It can be electrolysed to give magnesium metal:
MgCl2(l) ? Mg(l) + Cl2(g)
This process is practiced on a substantial scale: In 1990, US production was around one million tonnes, with a bulk price around $180 per tonne.[citation needed]
The thermal dehydration of the hydrates MgCl2(H2O)x (x = 6, 12) does not occur straightforwardly.
Magnesium chloride is used for a variety of other applications besides the production of magnesium: the manufacture of textiles, paper, fireproofing agents, cements and refrigeration brine, and dust and erosion control. Mixed with hydrated magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride forms a hard material called Sorel cement. Magnesium chloride is also used as an important component in the polymerase chain reaction, a procedure used to amplify DNA fragments. Magnesium chloride is also used in several medical and topical (skin related) applications.
Culinary use
Magnesium chloride is an important coagulant used in the preparation of tofu from soy milk. In Japan it is sold as nigari (???, derived from the Japanese word for "bitter"), a white powder produced from seawater after the sodium chloride has been removed, and the water evaporated. In China it is called "lushui" (?? in Chinese). Nigari or Lushui consists mostly of magnesium chloride, with some magnesium sulfate and other trace elements. It is also an ingredient in baby formula milk.
Use as an anti-icer
A number of state highway departments throughout the United States have decreased the use of rock salt and sand on roadways and have increased the use of liquid magnesium chloride as a de-icer or anti-icer. Magnesium chloride is much less toxic to plant life...(and so on)
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