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Glass engraving

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Glass engraving is a form of decorative glasswork that involves engraving a glass surface or object. It is distinct from glass art in the narrow sense, which refers to moulding and blowing glass.
Glass engraving encompasses a variety of techniques. One notable form is intaglio work, with images and inscriptions cut into the surface of the glass through abrasion. Glass engraving tools are therefore small abrasive wheels and drills, with small lathes often used. Engraving wheels are traditionally made of copper, with a linseed oil and fine emery powder mixture used as an abrasive.
Other forms of engraving are "stipple" and "drypoint" in which the surface of the glass is abraided with the use of small diamond tipped burrs. The scratches and small dots made in this method can, in the hands of a skilled artist, be used to produce images of astonishing clarity and detail. Notable practitioners of this form are Lawrence Whistler and James Dennison Pender.
Glass engraving is considered by many to be a dying art form. While this is far from accurate it is certainly a form that has seen its heyday come and go. Despite this there are still many glass engravers who are producing bold dynamic and aesthetically challenging artworks. In the UK one of the most notable artists is Alison Kinnard MBE. Based in Scotland she splits her time between glass engraving and playing the traditional Scottish harp. In recent years these two apparently disparate mediums have been combined when she composed music to accompany her piece "Psalmsong" which is now installed in the Scottish Parliament building.
The UK currently has a Guild of Glass engravers based in London and lists a number of well respected glass artists as members. These include Katharine Coleman, Tracy Shepard and Dominic Fonde.
Meanwhile the Czech republic having produced many world class glass artists can lay claim to one of the very best, Jiri Harcuba.
Every two years the Czech Republic hosts a conference aimed specifically at glass engravers
Some artists such as Lesley Pyke, combine the art of hand engraving with sandblasting for not only collectable work, but bespoke pieces which become family heirlooms and every day commercial requirements such as corporate presentations and sporting awards.

v?d?eGlass forming techniques
Commercial techniques
Float glass process Blowing and pressing (containers) Extrusion / Drawing (fibers, glasswool) Drawing (optical fibers) Precision glass moulding Overflow downdraw method Pressing Casting Cutting Flame polishing Chemical polishing Diamond turning Rolling
Artistic and historic techniques
Beadmaking Blowing Blown plate Broad sheet Caneworking Crown glass Cylinder blown sheet Engraving Etching Fourcault process Fusing Lampworking Machine drawn cylinder sheet Millefiori Polished plate Slumping Stained glass fusing Stained glass production
See also
Glossary of glass art terms
This glass art related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: Glass art | Glass forming | Engraving | Glass stubs(and so on)

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Chip pan (machine shop)

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Chip pans are flat metal pans used to catch metal chips (swarf) resulting from cutting metal in a lathe, milling machine, or other machine tool. A chip pan can be integral to the supporting base of the machine, or can be removable.
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John Randle

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For the British recipient of the Victoria Cross, see John Neil Randle.
This biography of a living person does not cite any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Unsourced or poorly sourced contentious material must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2009) (Find sources: "John Randle" news, books, scholar)
John Randle
Position(s):Defensive Tackle
Jersey #(s):93
Born: December 12, 1967 (1967-12-12) (age41)Hearne, Texas
Career information
Year(s): 19902003
Undrafted in 1990
College: Texas A&I
Professional teams
Minnesota Vikings (1990-2000)
Seattle Seahawks (2001-2003)
Career stats
Tackles
556
Sacks
137.5
Interceptions
1
Stats at NFL.com
Career highlights and awards
7x Pro Bowl selection (1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001)
6x First-Team All-Pro selection (1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998)
NFL 1990s All-Decade Team
College Football Hall of Fame
John Randle (born December 12, 1967 in Hearne, Texas) is a former NFL defensive tackle who played for the Minnesota Vikings and the Seattle Seahawks. Born in Hearne, Texas, Randle was raised poor, and worked odd jobs when he was young. His brother Ervin Randle played as a linebacker for eight years. Randle started his college playing career at Trinity Valley Community College in Athens, Texas, before transferring to Texas A&M Universityingsville.
Randle went undrafted, but was picked up by the Vikings during training camp, playing his first season in 1990. He went to his first Pro Bowl in 1993 after recording 11.5 sacks, and was quickly becoming one of the dominant defensive tackles of his era. Once Henry Thomas left the Vikings, Randle increased his training regimen, and became well known for his disarming on-field heckling of opposing players. Randle would record double digit sacks during eight different seasons, including a career-high and league-leading 15.5 sacks in 1997.
He had an ongoing rivalry with Packers quarterback Brett Favre, whom he sacked more than any other quarterback; Favre said that Randle was the toughest defensive player he faced and "on artificial turf he's unblockable". To play off the rivalry with Brett Favre, Randle starred in a commercial which featured himself sewing a miniature version of Favre's #4 jersey which he put on a live chicken. The commercial then showed Randle chasing the chicken around what was supposed to be Randle's backyard and ended with Randle cooking chicken on his BBQ, leading to fierce protests from People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Like fellow Minnesota Viking Chris Hovan, Randle was known for eccentric face painting as well as trash talking on the field.
At the end of the 2000 season, Randle signed with the Seattle Seahawks, and retired in March 2004. He had planned to retire a year earlier, but Seahawks coach Mike Holmgren convinced him to stay one more year.
Randle left the NFL tied with Richard Dent for 5th in number of career sacks, and his 137.5 career sacks is the most by a defensive tackle in NFL history. Over his career he was named to seven Pro Bowl squads. He was named All Tackle Machine of 1999 by Tackle The Magazine.
Randle was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame and inducted into the Minnesota Vikings Ring of Honor in 2008. He is eligible for the Pro Football Hall of Fame starting in 2009.

v?d?eNational Football League | NFL's 1990s All-Decade Team
Brett Favre | John Elway | Barry Sanders | Emmitt Smith | Terrell Davis | Thurman Thomas | Cris Carter | Jerry Rice | Tim Brown | Michael Irvin | Shannon Sharpe | Ben Coates | Willie Roaf | Gary Zimmerman | Tony Boselli | Richmond Webb | Bruce Matthews | Randall McDaniel | Larry Allen | Steve Wisniewski | Dermontti Dawson | Mark Stepnoski | Bruce Smith | Reggie White | Chris Doleman | Neil Smith | Cortez Kennedy | John Randle | Warren Sapp | Bryant Young | Kevin Greene | Junior Seau | Derrick Thomas | Cornelius Bennett | Hardy Nickerson | Levon Kirkland | Deion Sanders | Rod Woodson | Darrell Green | Aeneas Williams | Steve Atwater | LeRoy Butler | Carnell Lake | Ronnie Lott | Darren Bennett | Sean Landeta | Morten Andersen | Gary Anderson | Mel Gray | Michael Bates | Bill Parcells | Marv Levy

v?d?e2002 Pro Bowl AFC Starters
Offense: QB Rich Gannon | RB Curtis Martin | FB Larry Centers | WR Marvin Harrison | WR Rod Smith | TE Tony Gonzalez |OT Lincoln Kennedy | OT Jonathan Ogden | G Alan Faneca | G Will Shields | C Kevin MawaeDefense: DE John Abraham | DE Marcellus Wiley | DT Trevor Pryce | DT John RandleOLB Jason Gildon | OLB Jamir Miller | ILB Ray LewisCB Sam Madison | CB Charles Woodson | FS Rod Woodson | SS Rodney HarrisonSpecial Teams P Shane Lechler | PK Jason Elam | KR Jermaine Lewis | ST Ian Gold
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Barb Wire

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Barb Wire
Publication information
Publisher
Dark Horse Comics
First appearance
Comics Greatest World: Steel Harbor Week 1
Created by
Chris WarnerTeam CGW
In-story information
Alter ego
Barbara Kopetski
Team affiliations
Ghost, Machine, Wolf Pack, Mot?rhead
Abilities
None
Barb Wire was a superhero published by Comics Greatest World, an imprint of Dark Horse Comics. A regular series was published for 9 issues between 1994-1995, followed by a mini-series in 1998.
Contents
1 Creators
2 Character history
3 Other characters
3.1 Supporting characters
3.2 Allies
3.3 Enemies
4 Film adaptation
5 External links
//
Creators
Regular Series:
1: John Arcudi, writer/Lee Moder, pencils/Ande Parks, inks.
2-3: Arcudi, writer/Dan Lawlis, pencils/Parks, inks.
4-5: Arcudi, writer/Lawlis, pencils/Ian Akin, inks.
6-7: Arcudi,writer/Mike Manley, pencils/Parks, inks.
8: Arcudi, writer/Andrew Robinson, pencils/Jim Royal, inks.
9: Anina Bennett & Paul Guinan, writers/Robert Walker, pencils/Royal, inks.
Ace Of Spades (minseries):
1-4: Chris Warner, script and pencils/Tim Bradstreet, inks.
Character history
In Steel Harbor, a bombed-out wreck of a town, thrill-junkie Barbara Kopetski - better known as "Barb Wire" - is a bar owner and part-time bounty hunter (in order to pay for her bar, The Hammerhead). She is skilled in many areas, but excels in combat-related abilities. While she has a brother and several allies, she is essentially a loner, although this is something which is uncomfortable for her to think about.
Other characters
Supporting characters
Charlie Kopetski, Barb's blind, mechanical genius brother. He invents most of her weapons and metahuman restraining devices. He also despairs that he must fix the things that she continuously breaks during her escapades.
Allies
Yo Mama
Ghost, Real Name: Elisa Cameron.
The Machine, Real Name: Avram.
Mot?rhead, Real Name: Frank Fletcher.
Wolf Pack, Leader: Hunter.
Enemies
The Prime Movers, Leader: Mace Blitzkrieg
Death Card, (Reg series)
Death Card II, (Ace Of Spades)
Ignition II
Film adaptation
The movie adaptation was released in 1996 starring Pamela Anderson as Barb Wire. The film, panned by critics and fans alike, was nominated for the Razzie Award for Worst Picture, but lost to the Demi Moore film Striptease.
External links
A brief profile from International Hero
Categories: Comics' Greatest World | Dark Horse Comics superheroes | Dark Horse titles | Fictional bounty hunters | 1994 comic debuts
Hidden categories: Depreciated infobox param (comic color) | Depreciated infobox param (alliance color) | Depreciated infobox param (status) | Depreciated infobox param (previous alliances) | Depreciated infobox param (relatives) | Redundant infobox title param | Comics infobox image less caption | Character pop | Converting comics character infoboxes(and so on)

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Indian voting machines


Electronic Voting Machines ("EVM") are used in Indian General and State Elections to implement electronic voting. The EVMs reduce the time in both casting a vote and declaring the results compared to old ballot system.
Contents
1 History
2 Technology
3 Features
4 Benefits
5 Usage of an EVM
6 Limitations of electronic voting
7 External links
//
History
The EVMs were devised and designed by Election Commission of India in collaboration with two Public Sector undertakings viz., Bharat Electronics Limited, Bangalore and Electronic Corporation of India Ltd., Hyderabad. The EVMs are now manufactured by the above two undertakings.
EVMs manufactured in 1989-90 were used on experimental basis for the first time in 16 Assembly Constituencies in the States of Madhya Pradesh (5), Rajasthan (5) and National Capital Territory of Delhi (6) at the General Elections to the respective Legislative Assemblies held in November, 1998.
Technology
Indian voting machines use a two-piece system with a balloting unit presenting the voter with a button (momentary switch) for each choice connected by a cable to an electronic ballot box.
An EVM consists of two units:
Control Unit
Balloting Unit
The two units are joined by a five-meter cable. The Control Unit is with the Presiding Officer or a Polling Officer and the Balloting Unit is placed inside the voting compartment. Instead of issuing a ballot paper, the Polling Officer in-charge of the Control Unit will press the Ballot Button. This will enable the voter to cast his vote by pressing the blue button on the Balloting Unit against the candidate and symbol of his choice.
The microchip used in EVMs is manufactured in Japan and it is sealed at the time of import. It cannot be opened and any attempt to rewrite the program cannot be done without damaging the chip.
Features
EVMs can be used in areas with no power connections as they can run on an ordinary 6 volt alkaline battery manufactured by Bharat Electronics Ltd., Bangalore and Electronic Corporation of India Ltd., Hyderabad.
Currently, an EVM can record a maximum of 3840 votes.
Currently, an EVM can cater to a maximum of 64 candidates. There is provision for 16 candidates in a Balloting Unit. If the total number of candidates exceeds 16, a second Balloting Unit can be linked parallel to the first Balloting Unit. Similarly, if the total number of candidates exceeds 32, a third Balloting Unit can be attached and if the total number of candidates exceeds 48, a fourth Balloting Unit can be attached to cater to a maximum of 64 candidates.
It is not possible to vote more than once by pressing the button again and again.As soon as a particular button on the Balloting Unit is pressed, the vote is recorded for that particular candidate and the machine gets locked. Even if one presses that button further or any other button, no further vote will be recorded. This way the EVMs ensure the principle of "one person, one vote".
Benefits
The cost per EVM (One Control Unit, one Balloting Unit and one battery) was Rs.5,500/- at the time the machines were purchased in 1989-90. Even though the initial investment was somewhat heavy, it was more than neutralised by the savings in the matter of production and printing of ballot papers in lakhs, their transportation, storage etc., and the substantial reduction in the counting staff and the remuneration paid to them.
It will be easier to transport the EVMs compared to ballot boxes as EVMs are lighter, portable and come with polypropylene carrying cases.
The vote-counting is very fast and the result can be declared within 2 to 3 hours as compared to 30-40 hours, on an average, under the ballot-paper system.
In countries like India, where illiteracy is still a factor, illiterate people find EVMs easier than ballot paper system, where one has to put the voting stamp on the symbol of the candidate of his/her choice, fold it first vertically and then horizontally, and put it into the ballot box. In EVMs, the voter has to simply press the blue button against the candidate and symbol of his choice and the vote is recorded.
Bogus voting can be greatly reduced by the use of EVMs. In case of ballot paper system, a bogus voter can stuff thousands of bogus ballot papers inside the ballot box. But, an EVM is programmed to record only five votes in a minute. This will frustrate the bogus voters.
If an EVM goes out-of-order then, the Election Officer, in-charge of the polling booth, can replace the defunct EVM with a spare EVM. The votes recorded until the stage when the EVM went out of order remain safe in the memory of the Control Unit and it is not necessary to start the poll from the beginning.
The Control Unit can store the result in its memory for 10 years and even more. The battery is required only to activate the EVMs at the time of polling and counting. As soon as the polling is over, the battery can be switched off and this will be required to be switched on only at the time of counting. The battery can be removed as soon as the result is taken and can be kept separately. Therefore, there is no question of battery leaking or otherwise damaging EVMs. Even when the battery is removed the memory in the microchip remains intact. If the Court orders a recount, the Control Unit can be reactivated by fixing the battery and it will display the result stored in the memory.
Invalid votes can be avoided by use of EVMs. When ballot system was used in India, the number of invalid votes was more than the winning margin between the candidates in every general elections. With EVMs, there are no invalid votes.
Since EVMs work on a 6-volt battery, there is absolutely no risk of any voter getting an electric shock.
Usage of an EVM
If the number of candidates is less than the maximum capacity of the EVM, the extra panels are masked before use.
Before the commencement of poll, the Presiding Officer demonstrates to the polling agents present that there are no hidden votes already recorded in the machine by pressing the result button. Then he or she conducts a mock poll by asking the polling agents to record their votes and presses the result button to satisfy them that the result shown is strictly according to the choice recorded by them. Finally the clear button is pressed to clear the result of the mock poll before commencing the actual poll.
Each Control Unit has a unique ID Number, which is painted on each unit with a permanent marker. This ID Number will be allowed to be noted by the Polling Agents and will also be recorded in a Register maintained for the purpose by the Returning Officer. The address tag attached to the Control Unit also will indicate this ID Number. This is to avoid replacement of a genuine EVM by another one.
As soon as the voter presses the 'blue button' against the candidate and symbol of his choice, a tiny lamp on the left side of the symbol glows red and simultaneously a long beep sound is heard. Thus, there is both audio and visual indications for the voter to be assured that his vote has been recorded.
As soon as the last voter has voted, the Polling Officer in-charge of the Control Unit will press the 'Close' Button. Thereafter, the EVM will not accept any vote. Further, after the close of poll, the Balloting Unit is disconnected from the Control Unit and kept separately. Votes can be recorded only through the Balloting Unit. Again the Presiding officer, at the close of the poll, will hand over to each polling agent present an account of votes recorded. At the time of counting of votes, the total will be tallied with this account and if there is any discrepancy, this will be pointed out by the Counting Agents.
Limitations of electronic voting
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Industry of China


(Redirected from Chinese industry)
Main article: Economy of China
Industry produced 53.1 percent of China gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005. Industry (including mining, manufacturing, construction, and power) contributed 52.9 percent of GDP in 2004 and occupied 22.5 percent of the workforce. The manufacturing sector produced 44.1 percent of GDP in 2004 and accounted for 11.3 percent of total employment in 2002. China is the world leading manufacturer of chemical fertilizers, cement, and steel. Prior to 1978, most output was produced by state-owned enterprises. As a result of the economic reforms that followed, there was a significant increase in production by enterprises sponsored by local governments, especially townships and villages, and, increasingly, by private entrepreneurs and foreign investors. By 2002 the share in gross industrial output by state-owned and state-holding industries had decreased to 41 percent, and the state-owned companies themselves contributed only 16 percent of China industrial output.
As part of US$586 billion economic stimulus package of November 2008, the government plans to further subsidize in particular high-tech and service sector industries.
Contents
1 History
2 Development
3 Structure
4 Industrial output
5 Machinery manufacturing
6 Energy industry
7 Automobile
8 Steel
9 References
10 External links
11 See also
//
History
Main article: Industrial history of China
Industry and construction account for about 48% of China's GDP. China ranks third worldwide in industrial output. Major industries include mining and ore processing; iron and steel; aluminum; coal; machinery; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemical; fertilizers; food processing; automobiles and other transportation equipment including rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; consumer products including footwear, toys, and electronics; telecommunications and information technology. China has become a preferred destination for the relocation of global manufacturing facilities. Its strength as an export platform has contributed to incomes and employment in China. The state-owned sector still accounts for about 40% of GDP. In recent years, authorities have been giving greater attention to the management of state assets both in the financial market as well as among state-owned-enterprises and progress has been noteworthy.
Since the founding of the People's Republic, industrial development has been given considerable attention. Among the various industrial branches the machine-building and metallurgical industries have received the highest priority. These two areas alone now account for about 20-30 percent of the total gross value of industrial output. In these, as in most other areas of industry, however, innovation has generally suffered at the hands of a system that has rewarded increases in gross output rather than improvements in variety, sophistication and quality. China, therefore, still imports significant quantities of specialized steels. Overall industrial output has grown at an average rate of more than 10 percent per year, having surpassed all other sectors in economic growth and degree of modernization. Some heavy industries and products deemed to be of national strategic importance remain state-owned, but an increasing proportion of lighter and consumer-oriented manufacturing firms are privately held or are private-state joint ventures.
Development
In 2004, state-owned industrial enterprises and non-state enterprises with annual turnover exceeding five million yuan achieved industrial added value of 5,480.5 billion yuan and realized profits of 1,134.2 billion yuan, representing 16.7 percent and 36 percent year-on-year rises respectively, and revealing a gratifying simultaneous improvement in speed, quality and benefit. Since 1996, China has led the world in the production of steel, coal, cement, farm-use chemical fertilizer and television sets.
Product
Unit
1978
1990
2000
2003
2004
Raw coal
100 million tons
6.18
10.80
9.98
16.67
19.56
Crude oil
10,000 tons
10,405
13,831
16,300
16,960
17,500
Power
100 million kwh
2,566
6,212
13,556
19,106
21,870
Steel
10,000 tons
3,178
6,635
12,850
22,234
27,280
Cement
10,000 tons
6,524
20,971
59,700
86,208
97,000
Automobiles
10,000
14.91
51.40
207.00
444.39
507.4
Large and medium-sized tractors
10,000
11.35
3.94
4.10
4.88
9.83
Color TV sets
10,000
0.38
1,033.04
3,936.00
6,541.40
7,328.80
Chemical fibers
10,000 tons
28.46
165.42
694.00
1,181.15
1,424.50
Yarn
10,000 tons
238.2
462.6
657.0
983.6
1,120.0
Cloth
100 million m
110.3
188.8
277.0
353.5
420.0
Sugar
10,000 tons
227
582
700
1,084
1,018
Sulfuric acid
10,000 tons
661
1,197
2,427
3,371
3,994
Farm-use chemical fertilizers
10,000 tons
869.3
1,879.7
3,186.0
3881.3
4,469.5
Ethylene
10,000 tons
38.0
157.2
470.0
611.8
626.6
Integrated circuits
100 million pieces
0.3
1.1
58.8
148.3
211.5
Program-controlled Switchboards
10,000 lines
--
--
7,136.0
7,379.9
8,464.8
Telephones
10,000
--
--
5,247.9
18,231.4
23,344.6
Micro-electronic computers
10,000
--
8.2
672.0
3,216.7
4,512.4
Structure
Since the 1950s, the trend away from the agricultural sector toward industrialisation has been dramatic, and is a result of both policy changes and free market mechanisms. During the 1950s and 1960s, heavy industry received most attention and consequently grew twice as rapidly as agriculture. After the reforms of 1978, more attention to the agricultural sector as well as a move away from heavy industry toward light resulted in agricultural output almost doubling with only marginal increases for industry.
Before 1978, state-owned and collectively-owned enterprises represented 77.6 percent and 22.4 percent respectively of China's exclusively public-ownership economy. The policy of reform and opening-up has given extensive scope to the common development of various economic sectors. Individual and private industrial enterprises and enterprises with foreign, Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan investments have mushroomed.
Domestically, modernisation and economic growth has been the focus of the reformist policies introduced by Deng Xiaoping, and in attempting to achieve this, the leadership has implemented the Four Modernizations Program that lays special emphasis on the fields of agriculture, industry, education, science and technology, and defence.
In the countryside, the "responsibility system" has been implemented and basically represents a return to family farming. Under this system, families lease land for a period of up to thirty years, and must agree to supply the state an agreed quota of grain or industrial crops at a fixed low cost in return. The remaining surplus can either be sold to the state or on the free market. As a result, peasants have been increasing their agricultural output in response to these incentives.
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