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(Redirected from Chinese industry)
Main article: Economy of China
Industry produced 53.1 percent of China gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005. Industry (including mining, manufacturing, construction, and power) contributed 52.9 percent of GDP in 2004 and occupied 22.5 percent of the workforce. The manufacturing sector produced 44.1 percent of GDP in 2004 and accounted for 11.3 percent of total employment in 2002. China is the world leading manufacturer of chemical fertilizers, cement, and steel. Prior to 1978, most output was produced by state-owned enterprises. As a result of the economic reforms that followed, there was a significant increase in production by enterprises sponsored by local governments, especially townships and villages, and, increasingly, by private entrepreneurs and foreign investors. By 2002 the share in gross industrial output by state-owned and state-holding industries had decreased to 41 percent, and the state-owned companies themselves contributed only 16 percent of China industrial output.
As part of US$586 billion economic stimulus package of November 2008, the government plans to further subsidize in particular high-tech and service sector industries.
Contents
1 History
2 Development
3 Structure
4 Industrial output
5 Machinery manufacturing
6 Energy industry
7 Automobile
8 Steel
9 References
10 External links
11 See also
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History
Main article: Industrial history of China
Industry and construction account for about 48% of China's GDP. China ranks third worldwide in industrial output. Major industries include mining and ore processing; iron and steel; aluminum; coal; machinery; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemical; fertilizers; food processing; automobiles and other transportation equipment including rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; consumer products including footwear, toys, and electronics; telecommunications and information technology. China has become a preferred destination for the relocation of global manufacturing facilities. Its strength as an export platform has contributed to incomes and employment in China. The state-owned sector still accounts for about 40% of GDP. In recent years, authorities have been giving greater attention to the management of state assets both in the financial market as well as among state-owned-enterprises and progress has been noteworthy.
Since the founding of the People's Republic, industrial development has been given considerable attention. Among the various industrial branches the machine-building and metallurgical industries have received the highest priority. These two areas alone now account for about 20-30 percent of the total gross value of industrial output. In these, as in most other areas of industry, however, innovation has generally suffered at the hands of a system that has rewarded increases in gross output rather than improvements in variety, sophistication and quality. China, therefore, still imports significant quantities of specialized steels. Overall industrial output has grown at an average rate of more than 10 percent per year, having surpassed all other sectors in economic growth and degree of modernization. Some heavy industries and products deemed to be of national strategic importance remain state-owned, but an increasing proportion of lighter and consumer-oriented manufacturing firms are privately held or are private-state joint ventures.
Development
In 2004, state-owned industrial enterprises and non-state enterprises with annual turnover exceeding five million yuan achieved industrial added value of 5,480.5 billion yuan and realized profits of 1,134.2 billion yuan, representing 16.7 percent and 36 percent year-on-year rises respectively, and revealing a gratifying simultaneous improvement in speed, quality and benefit. Since 1996, China has led the world in the production of steel, coal, cement, farm-use chemical fertilizer and television sets.
Product
Unit
1978
1990
2000
2003
2004
Raw coal
100 million tons
6.18
10.80
9.98
16.67
19.56
Crude oil
10,000 tons
10,405
13,831
16,300
16,960
17,500
Power
100 million kwh
2,566
6,212
13,556
19,106
21,870
Steel
10,000 tons
3,178
6,635
12,850
22,234
27,280
Cement
10,000 tons
6,524
20,971
59,700
86,208
97,000
Automobiles
10,000
14.91
51.40
207.00
444.39
507.4
Large and medium-sized tractors
10,000
11.35
3.94
4.10
4.88
9.83
Color TV sets
10,000
0.38
1,033.04
3,936.00
6,541.40
7,328.80
Chemical fibers
10,000 tons
28.46
165.42
694.00
1,181.15
1,424.50
Yarn
10,000 tons
238.2
462.6
657.0
983.6
1,120.0
Cloth
100 million m
110.3
188.8
277.0
353.5
420.0
Sugar
10,000 tons
227
582
700
1,084
1,018
Sulfuric acid
10,000 tons
661
1,197
2,427
3,371
3,994
Farm-use chemical fertilizers
10,000 tons
869.3
1,879.7
3,186.0
3881.3
4,469.5
Ethylene
10,000 tons
38.0
157.2
470.0
611.8
626.6
Integrated circuits
100 million pieces
0.3
1.1
58.8
148.3
211.5
Program-controlled Switchboards
10,000 lines
--
--
7,136.0
7,379.9
8,464.8
Telephones
10,000
--
--
5,247.9
18,231.4
23,344.6
Micro-electronic computers
10,000
--
8.2
672.0
3,216.7
4,512.4
Structure
Since the 1950s, the trend away from the agricultural sector toward industrialisation has been dramatic, and is a result of both policy changes and free market mechanisms. During the 1950s and 1960s, heavy industry received most attention and consequently grew twice as rapidly as agriculture. After the reforms of 1978, more attention to the agricultural sector as well as a move away from heavy industry toward light resulted in agricultural output almost doubling with only marginal increases for industry.
Before 1978, state-owned and collectively-owned enterprises represented 77.6 percent and 22.4 percent respectively of China's exclusively public-ownership economy. The policy of reform and opening-up has given extensive scope to the common development of various economic sectors. Individual and private industrial enterprises and enterprises with foreign, Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan investments have mushroomed.
Domestically, modernisation and economic growth has been the focus of the reformist policies introduced by Deng Xiaoping, and in attempting to achieve this, the leadership has implemented the Four Modernizations Program that lays special emphasis on the fields of agriculture, industry, education, science and technology, and defence.
In the countryside, the "responsibility system" has been implemented and basically represents a return to family farming. Under this system, families lease land for a period of up to thirty years, and must agree to supply the state an agreed quota of grain or industrial crops at a fixed low cost in return. The remaining surplus can either be sold to the state or on the free market. As a result, peasants have been increasing their agricultural output in response to these incentives.
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